agronaukaАграрная наука Евро-Северо-ВостокаAgricultural Science Euro-North-East2072-90812500-1396FARC North-East10.30766/2072-9081.2023.24.3.346-358agronauka-1358Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSЯщур: факторы риска и меры контроля (обзор)Foot and mouth disease: risk factors and control measures (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-0334БуроваО. А.BurovaO. A.

Бурова Ольга Александровна, зам. руководителя отдела эпизоотологии и оценки риска, связанногосо здоровьем животных

ул. Ветеринарная, д. 3, г. Нижний Новгород, Российская Федерация

Olga A. Burova, Deputy head of the Department of Epizootology and Risk Assessment Associated with Animal Health

Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 

burovaolga@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1408-2989ЗахароваО. И.ZakharovaO. I.

Захарова Ольга Игоревна, научный сотрудник отдела эпизоотологии и оценки риска, связанного со здоровьем животных

ул. Ветеринарная, д. 3, г. Нижний Новгород, Российская Федерация

Olga I. Zakharova, researcher, the Department of Epizootology and Risk Assessment Associated with Animal Health 

Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 

nnovgorod@ficvim.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-2041ЯшинИ. В.IashinI. V.

Яшин Иван Вячеславович, кандидат биол. наук, директор филиала

ул. Ветеринарная, д. 3, г. Нижний Новгород, Российская Федерация

Ivan V. Iashin, PhD in Biological Science, Director of the Branch 

Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 

nnovgorod@ficvim.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5239-8036ХайбрахмановаС. Ш.KhaibrakhmanovaS. Sh.

Хайбрахманова Светлана Шагитовна, кандидат вет. наук

ул. Ветеринарная, д. 3, г. Нижний Новгород, Российская Федерация

Svetlana Sh. Khaibrakhmanova, PhD in Veterinary 

Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 

nnovgorod@ficvim.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-5688-9571ЖучковаО. В.ZhuchkovaO. V.

Жучкова Ольга Владимировна, исследователь

ул. Ветеринарная, д. 3, г. Нижний Новгород, Российская Федерация

Olga V. Zhuchkova, researcher 

Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 

nnovgorod@ficvim.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-1305-5822ГребневН. А.GrebnevN. A.

Гребнев Никита Андреевич, исследователь

ул. Ветеринарная, д. 3, г. Нижний Новгород, Российская Федерация 

Nikita A. Grebnev, researcher 

Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 

nnovgorod@ficvim.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5161-1184БлохинА. А.BlokhinA. A.

Блохин Андрей Александрович, кандидат вет. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела эпизоотологии и оценки риска, связанного со здоровьем животных

ул. Ветеринарная, д. 3, г. Нижний Новгород, Российская Федерация

Andrey A. Blokhin, PhD in Veterinary, leading researcher, the Department of Epizootology and Risk Assessment Associated with Animal Health 

Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 

nnovgorod@ficvim.ruФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр вирусологии и микробиологии», Нижегородский научно-исследовательский ветеринарный институт – филиал ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр вирусологии и микробиологии»РоссияFederal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny NovgorodRussian Federation202328062023243346358Copyright © Бурова О.А., Захарова О.И., Яшин И.В., Хайбрахманова С.Ш., Жучкова О.В., Гребнев Н.А., Блохин А.А., 20232023Бурова О.А., Захарова О.И., Яшин И.В., Хайбрахманова С.Ш., Жучкова О.В., Гребнев Н.А., Блохин А.А.Burova O.A., Zakharova O.I., Iashin I.V., Khaibrakhmanova S.S., Zhuchkova O.V., Grebnev N.A., Blokhin A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.agronauka-sv.ru/jour/article/view/1358

Ящур классифицируется Всемирной организацией по охране здоровья животных (далее – МЭБ) как болезнь из Списка А. Учитывая возможность быстрого распространения болезни, все подозрительные случаи необходимо незамедлительно регистрировать и расследовать. Понимание механизма распространения ящура и мер его контроля является ключом к расследованию вспышек и позволяет проследить источник вспышки наряду с потенциальными путями дальнейшего распространения. Ящур эндемичен на обширных территориях Африки, Азии и Южной Америки. В 2022 г. неблагополучными по ящуру странами остаются: Казахстан, Монголия, Китай, Израиль, Индонезия, ОАЭ, Палестина, Алжир, Ботсвана, Замбия, Зимбабве, Малави, Мозамбик, Тунис, ЮАР. В России в 2022 г. ящур не регистрировался. Различают семь серотипов вируса ящура: O, A, C, Азия 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 и SAT 3. К нему восприимчивы крупный рогатый скот, буйволы, овцы, свиньи, козы, африканские буйволы, олени, яки и другие парнокопытные. Наиболее вероятны два основных пути заражения животных: алиментарный и воздушно-капельный, а также контактно через ссадины, загрязненные инструменты или искусственное осеменение. После клинического выздоровления до 50 % жвачных животных становятся персистентно инфицированными и считаются «носителями». Ключевые факторы риска заноса вируса – введение в стадо нового животного с неизвестным статусом вакцинации от ящура, сезонность, отсутствие вакцинации, размер стада. Причиной инфекции часто является неконтролируемое или незаконное перемещение скота. Основной риск заноса ящура исходит от домашнего скота, транспортных средств, людей, непосредственно работающих с восприимчивым к ящуру скотом, диких животных. Ключевые принципы биобезопасности – изоляция больных животных, очистка и дезинфекция помещений и инвентаря. Ящур является основным препятствием для международной торговли скотом и продуктами животного происхождения, поэтому страны, свободные от болезни, принимают повышенные меры предосторожности, чтобы предотвратить проникновение вируса.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a Schedule A disease. Given the potential for rapid spread of the disease, all suspected cases should be reported and investigated immediately. Understanding the mechanism of FMD spread and control measures is key to outbreak investigation and allows the source of an outbreak to be traced along with potential routes of further spread. Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in vast areas of Africa, Asia and South America. In 2022, the following countries remain unfavorable for FMD: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Israel, Indonesia, UAE, Palestine, Algeria, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Tunisia, South Africa. In Russia, in 2022, foot and mouth disease was not registered. There are seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus: O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3. Cattle, buffalo, sheep, pigs, goats, African buffalo, deer, yaks and other artiodactyls are susceptible to it. The two principle ways in which an animal can become infected are by inhalation of virus particles in the air, and by ingestion of food material containing virus particles, also through abrasions, contaminated instruments or artificial insemination. Up to 50 % of ruminant animals become persistently infected after clinical recover and termed a "carrier". Key risk factors for virus introduction are the introduction of a new animal into the herd with an unknown FMD vaccination status, seasonality, lack of vaccination, herd size. The cause of infection is often the uncontrolled or illegal movement of livestock. The main risk of FMD introduction comes from livestock, vehicles, people directly working with livestock susceptible to FMD, wild animals. The key principles of biosecurity are isolation of sick animals, cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment. Foot-and-mouth disease is a major barrier to international trade in livestock and animal products, so countries free of the disease are taking increased precautions to prevent the virus from entering.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.