agronaukaАграрная наука Евро-Северо-ВостокаAgricultural Science Euro-North-East2072-90812500-1396FARC North-East10.30766/2072-9081.2024.25.2.159-171agronauka-1595Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИREVIEWБактериальная микробиота желудочно-кишечного тракта крупного рогатого скота молочного направления: состав, функции, значение (обзор)The bacterial microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cattle: structure, functions, importance (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-2166ЛиходеевскийГ. А.LihodeevskyG. A.

Лиходеевский Георгий Александрович, аспирант, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярных и биологических исследований

ул. Карла Либкнехта, д. 42, г. Екатеринбург, 620075

Georgiy A. Lihodeevsky, postgraduate, junior researcher, the Laboratory of Molecular and Biological Research

Karl Liebknecht Street, 42, Yekaterinburg, 620075

rector@urgau.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-2394БогатоваП. С.BogatovaP. S.

Богатова Полина Сергеевна, аспирант, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярных и биологических исследований

ул. Карла Либкнехта, д. 42, г. Екатеринбург, 620075

Polina S. Bogatova, postgraduate, junior researcher, the Laboratory of Molecular and Biological Research

Karl Liebknecht Street, 42, Yekaterinburg, 620075

rector@urgau.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5976-6030ЛиходеевскаяО. Е.LihodeevskayaO. E.

Лиходеевская Оксана Евгеньевна, кандидат биол. наук, доцент, зав. лабораторией молекулярных и биологических исследований

ул. Карла Либкнехта, д. 42, г. Екатеринбург, 620075

Oksana E. Lihodeevskaya, PhD in Biological Science, associate professor, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular and Biological Research

Karl Liebknecht Street, 42, Yekaterinburg, 620075

rector@urgau.ruФГБОУ ВО Уральский государственный аграрный университетРоссияUral State Agricultural UniversityRussian Federation202423042024252159–171Copyright © Лиходеевский Г.А., Богатова П.С., Лиходеевская О.Е., 20242024Лиходеевский Г.А., Богатова П.С., Лиходеевская О.Е.Lihodeevsky G.A., Bogatova P.S., Lihodeevskaya O.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.agronauka-sv.ru/jour/article/view/1595

В обзоре представлен обобщенный материал экспериментальных исследований и обзорных работ (114 источников, в т. ч. 110 зарубежных) по изучению состава бактериальной микробиоты желудочно-кишечного тракта у крупного рогатого скота в зависимости от возраста, клинического состояния животных и уровня продуктивности, показано влияние функциональной активности микробиоты на формирование и развитие организма. Микробиота оказывает влияние на здоровье и продуктивные качества крупного рогатого скота. Наиболее важную роль играет бактериальное сообщество желудочно-кишечного тракта как элемент пищеварительной системы. Эта сложная система с обратной связью, где, с одной стороны, на микробиоту влияет генотип хозяина, кормовая база, условия содержания, тип выращивания, применяемые лекарственные препараты и т. д., а с другой – микробиота главным образом влияет на пластический и энергетический обмен, но также опосредованно затрагивает респираторную, выделительную, центральную нервную и иммунную системы организма. Бактериальное разнообразие закладывается ещё во внутриутробном периоде развития организма, претерпевает существенные изменения по мере взросления телёнка и остаётся лабильным на протяжении всей жизни, приспосабливаясь к изменяющимся условиям. Современные исследования заболеваний пищеварительной системы всё больше обращают внимание на состав микробного сообщества, указывая на опасность применения антибиотиков и необходимость перехода на пробиотическую и пребиотическую терапию. Продуктивные качества коров, например: удой, выход молочного жира и белка также зависят от состава микробиоты.

The review presents the generalized material of experimental studies and review works (114 sources, including 110 foreign) on studying the composition of bacterial microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in cattle depending on age, clinical condition of animals and level of productivity, shows the influence of the functional activity of microbiota on the formation and development of the organism. The microbiota affects the health and productive qualities of dairy cattle. The bacterial community of the gastrointestinal tract plays a crucial role in the digestive system. This complex system with feedback, where on the one hand, the microbiota is influenced by the genotype of the host, feed base, living conditions, breeding methods, and drugs used, and on the other hand, the microbiota primarily affects plastic and energy metabolism, but also indirectly affects respiratory, urinary, central nervous, and immune systems of the body. Bacterial diversity is laid down during the fetal period, undergoes significant changes during calf growth, and remains stable throughout life, adapting to changing conditions. Modern studies of gastrointestinal diseases are increasingly focusing on the composition of the microbial community, pointing to the dangers of antibiotic use and the need for a transition to probiotic and prebiotic therapy. Productive qualities of cows, such as milk yield and fat and protein content, also depend on the composition of the microbiota.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.