agronaukaАграрная наука Евро-Северо-ВостокаAgricultural Science Euro-North-East2072-90812500-1396FARC North-East10.30766/2072-9081.2024.25.5.770-784agronauka-1753Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИREVIEWВитамин Е в кормлении молочного скота (обзор)Vitamin E in dairy cattle feeding (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7338-674XТуаеваЕ. В.TuaevaE. V.

Туаева Евгения Викторовна, доктор с.-х. наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела кормления сельскохозяйственных животных

пос. Дубровицы, д. 60, г.о. Подольск, Московская область, 142132, e-mail: priemnaya-vij@mail.ru

Evgeniya V. Tuaeva, DSc in Agricultural Science, associate professor, leading researcher, the Department of Feeding Farm Animals

Dubrovitsy

village, 60, Podolsk City District, Moscow Region, 142132, e-mail: priemnaya-vij@mail.ru

tuaeva80@mail.ruФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л. К. Эрнста»РоссияFederal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L. K. ErnstRussian Federation202431102024255770–784Copyright © Туаева Е.В., 20242024Туаева Е.В.Tuaeva E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.agronauka-sv.ru/jour/article/view/1753

Витамин Е (токоферол) – жирорастворимый витамин, который оказывает значительное влияние на рост и здоровье животных. В настоящее время синтезировано 8 изомеров токоферола; их особенность заключается в различном расположении метильных групп в хромановом ядре. В организме животных изомеры витамина Е  не могут превращаться друг в друга, и их биологическая активность значительно различается. Токоферол обладает мощным антиоксидантным действием, защищая вещества от окисления в организме, и играет важную роль в поддержании нормальных метаболических процессов и физиологических функций. Витамин Е обеспечивает защиту клеточных мембран от окислительного повреждения перекисью водорода, способствует поддержанию иммуномодулирующего эффекта и повышает устойчивость организма к различным патогенам. Кроме того,  выполняет существенную функцию в эмбриогенезе, метаболизме нуклеиновых кислот, биосинтезе аскорбиновой кислоты и обеспечивает сохранность структурных и функциональных характеристик тканей. Изомер α-токоферол обладает наивысшей биологической активностью. Использование в кормлении сельскохозяйственных животных кормовых добавок α-токоферола представлено в виде натуральной формы RRR или синтетической формы all-rac, включающей все восемь стереоизомеров (четыре с конфигурацией 2R и четыре с конфигурацией 2S) в равных количествах. Данный обзор на основе 105 публикаций предлагает свод современных знаний и исследований, сфокусированных на изучении физиологической роли витамина Е в питании молочного скота, а также анализирует влияние различных дозировок α-токоферола на зоотехнические показатели.

Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a fat–soluble vitamin that has a significant effect on the growth and health of animals. Currently, 8 tocopherol isomers have been synthesized; their peculiarity lies in the different distribution of methyl groups in the chromane core. In animals, vitamin E isomers cannot convert into each other and their biological activity varies significantly. Tocopherol has a powerful antioxidant effect, protecting substances from oxidation in the body, and plays an  important role in maintaining normal metabolic processes and physiological functions. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by hydrogen peroxide, helps maintain the immunomodulatory effect and increases the body's resistance to various pathogens. In addition, it performs an essential function in embryogenesis, nucleic acid metabolism, ascorbic acid biosynthesis and ensures the preservation of structural and functional characteristics of tissues. The α-tocopherol isomer has the highest biological activity. The use of α-tocopherol feed additives in the feeding of agricultural animals is presented in the form of a natural form of RRR or a synthetic form of all-rac, including all eight stereoisomers (four with the 2R configuration and four with the 2S configuration) in equal quantities. This review based on 105 publications offers a set of modern knowledge and research focused on the study of the physiological role of vitamin E in the nutrition of dairy cattle, as well as analyzes the effect of various dosages of α-tocopherol on zootechnical indicators.

токофероллактациявоспроизводствопродуктивностьметаболизмбиодоступностьtocopherollactationreproductionproductivitymetabolismbioavailabilityработа выполнена при поддержке Минобрнауки РФ в рамках Государственного задания ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л. К. Эрнста» (тема № FGGN-124020200032-4).the research was carried out under the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the state assignment of Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L. K. Ernst (theme No. FGGN- 124020200032-4).ReferencesДуборезов В. М. Кормление молочных коров по детализированным нормам. Молочное и мясное скотоводство. 2020;(4):52–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33943/MMS.2020.19.15.009 EDN: ZHFBNWDuborezov V. M. Dairy cow feeding and nutrition according to detailed nutrition requirements. Molochnoe i myasnoe skotovodstvo = Journal of Dairy and Beef Cattle Farming. 2020;(4):52–54. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33943/MMS.2020.19.15.009Полищук Т. В., Бондаренко В. В. Изменчивость факториальной зависимости уровня молочной продуктивности коров от лактации. Актуальные вопросы переработки мясного и молочного сырья. 2021;(15):237–245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47612/2220-8755-2020-15-237-245 EDN: WDMAMDPolishchuk T. V., Bondarenko V. V. The factor’s dependence variability of the level of cow’s productivity from lactation. Aktual'nye voprosy pererabotki myasnogo i molochnogo syr'ya = Topical Issues of Processing of Meat and Milk Raw Materials. 2021;(15):237–245. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.47612/2220-8755-2020-15-237-245Шобель П., Сучкова И. Кормовые добавки АПЦ-высокая продуктивность + хорошее здоровье коров. Наше сельское хозяйство. 2020;(24(248)):50–53.Shobel' P., Suchkova I. APC feed additives - high productivity + good cow health. Nashe sel'skoe khozyaystvo. 2020;(24(248)):50–53. (In Russ.).Теребова С. В., Гусаров И. В., Обряева О. Д. Молочное животноводство: проблемы повышения экономической эффективности на основе оптимизации кормления (часть 1). Молочное и мясное скотоводство. 2023;(3):50–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33943/MMS.2023.48.98.009 EDN: BKBFNYTerebova S. V., Gusarov I. V., Obryaeva O. D. Dairy cattle husbandry: problems of increasing economic efficiency based on feeding optimization (part 1). Molochnoe i myasnoe skotovodstvo = Journal of Dairy and Beef Cattle Farming. 2023;(3):50–56. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33943/MMS.2023.48.98.009Некрасов Р. В., Головин А. В., Махаев Е. А., Аникин А. С., Первов Н. Г., Стрекозов Н. И., [и др.]. Нормы потребностей молочного скота и свиней в питательных веществах: монография. М.: РАН, Федеральный научный центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л. К. Эрнста, 2018. 290 с. Режим доступа: https://animalration.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1nekrasova_r_v_golovina_a_v_makhaeva_e_a_red_normy_potrebnost.pdfNekrasov R. V., Golovin A. V., Makhaev E. A., Anikin A. S., Pervov N. G., Strekozov N. I., [et al.]. Normy potrebnostey molochnogo skota i sviney v pitatel'nykh veshchestvakh: monografiya. Moscow: RAN, Federal'nyy nauchnyy tsentr zhivotnovodstva – VIZh imeni akademika L. K. Ernsta, 2018. 290 p. URL: https://animal-ration.ru/wpcontent/uploads/2019/02/1nekrasova_r_v_golovina_a_v_makhaeva_e_a_red_normy_potrebnost.pdfNutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7 th ed. National Academies Press. Washington, D. C., 2001. 381 p. URL: https://profsite.um.ac.ir/~kalidari/software/NRC/HELP/NRC%202001.pdfNutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7 th ed. National Academies Press. Washington, D. C., 2001. 381 p. URL: https://profsite.um.ac.ir/~kalidari/software/NRC/HELP/NRC%202001.pdfNutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 8 th ed. National Academies Press, 2021. 484 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25806Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 8 th ed. National Academies Press, 2021. 484 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25806Steinshamn H., Leiberb F. Department of Revision of Vitamin E recommendations for dairy cows in organic agriculture: a review-based approachhttps. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture. An International Journal for Sustainable Production Systems. 2023;39(4):223–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2023.2200204Steinshamn H., Leiberb F. Department of Revision of Vitamin E recommendations for dairy cows in organic agriculture: a review-based approachhttps. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture. An International Journal for Sustainable Production Systems. 2023;39(4):223–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2023.2200204Doğru Pekiner B. Vitamin E as an antioxidant. Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi. 2003;32(4):243–267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1501/Eczfak_0000000393Doğru Pekiner B. Vitamin E as an antioxidant. Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi. 2003;32(4):243–267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1501/Eczfak_0000000393Niki E. Lipid oxidation that is, and is not, inhibited by vitamin E: Consideration about physiological functions of vitamin E. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2021;176:1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.001Niki E. Lipid oxidation that is, and is not, inhibited by vitamin E: Consideration about physiological functions of vitamin E. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2021;176:1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.001Bouwstra R. J., Nielen M., Stegeman J. A., Dobbelaar P., Newbold J. R., Jansen E. H. J. M., van Werven T. Vitamin E supplementation during the dry period in dairy cattle. Part I: adverse effect on incidence of mastitis postpartum in a double-blind randomized field trial. Journal of Dairy Science. 2010;93(12):5684–5695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3159Bouwstra R. J., Nielen M., Stegeman J. A., Dobbelaar P., Newbold J. R., Jansen E. H. J. M., van Werven T. Vitamin E supplementation during the dry period in dairy cattle. Part I: adverse effect on incidence of mastitis postpartum in a double-blind randomized field trial. Journal of Dairy Science. 2010;93(12):5684–5695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3159Idamokoro E. M., Falowo A. B., Oyeagu C. E., Afolayan A. J. Multifunctional activity of vitamin E in animal and animal products: A review. Journal of Animal Science. 2020;91(1):e13352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13352Idamokoro E. M., Falowo A. B., Oyeagu C. E., Afolayan A. J. Multifunctional activity of vitamin E in animal and animal products: A review. Journal of Animal Science. 2020;91(1):e13352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13352Ralla T., Kluenter A. M., Litta G., Müller M. A., Bonrath W., Schäfer C. Over 100 years of vitamin E: An overview from synthesis and formulation to application in animal nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2024;108(3):646–663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13919Ralla T., Kluenter A. M., Litta G., Müller M. A., Bonrath W., Schäfer C. Over 100 years of vitamin E: An overview from synthesis and formulation to application in animal nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2024;108(3):646–663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13919Peh H. Y., Tan W. D., Liao W., Wong W. F. Vitamin E therapy beyond cancer: Tocopherol versus tocotrienol. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2016;162(6):152–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.003Peh H. Y., Tan W. D., Liao W., Wong W. F. Vitamin E therapy beyond cancer: Tocopherol versus tocotrienol. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2016;162(6):152–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.003Bonrath W., Wyss A., Litta G., Baldeniu K., von dem Bussche&Hünnefeld L., Hilgemann E., Hoppe P., Stürmer R., Netscher T. Vitamins, 4. Vitamin E (Tocopherols, Tocotrienols). Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 2021;1–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.o27_o07.pub2Bonrath W., Wyss A., Litta G., Baldeniu K., von dem Bussche&Hünnefeld L., Hilgemann E., Hoppe P., Stürmer R., Netscher T. Vitamins, 4. Vitamin E (Tocopherols, Tocotrienols). Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 2021;1–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.o27_o07.pub2Traber M. G., Head B. Vitamin E: How much is enough, too much and why! Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2021;177:212–225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.028Traber M. G., Head B. Vitamin E: How much is enough, too much and why! Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2021;177:212–225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.028McDowell L. R., Williams S. N., Hidiroglou N., Njeru C. A., Hill G. M., Ochoa L., Wilkinson N. S. Vitamin E Supplementation for the Ruminant. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1996;60(3-4):273–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(96)00982-0McDowell L. R., Williams S. N., Hidiroglou N., Njeru C. A., Hill G. M., Ochoa L., Wilkinson N. S. Vitamin E Supplementation for the Ruminant. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1996;60(3-4):273–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(96)00982-0Azzi A., Stocker A. Vitamin E: non-antioxidant roles. Progress in Lipid Research. 2000;39(3):231–255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(00)00006-0Azzi A., Stocker A. Vitamin E: non-antioxidant roles. Progress in Lipid Research. 2000;39(3):231–255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(00)00006-0Scherf H., Machlin L. J., Frye T. M., Krautmann B. A., Williams S. N. Vitamin E Biopotency: Comparison of Various ‘Natural-Derived’ and Chemically Synthesized Alpha-Tocopherols. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1996;59(1-3):115–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00892-6Scherf H., Machlin L. J., Frye T. M., Krautmann B. A., Williams S. N. Vitamin E Biopotency: Comparison of Various ‘Natural-Derived’ and Chemically Synthesized Alpha-Tocopherols. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1996;59(1-3):115–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00892-6Leal L. N., Jensen S. K., Bello J. M., Den Hartog L. A., Hendriks W. H., Martín-Tereso J. Bioavailability of αtocopherol stereoisomers in lambs depends on dietary doses of all-rac- or RRR- α-tocopheryl acetate. Animal. 2019;13(9):1874–1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118003373Leal L. N., Jensen S. K., Bello J. M., Den Hartog L. A., Hendriks W. H., Martín-Tereso J. Bioavailability of αtocopherol stereoisomers in lambs depends on dietary doses of all-rac- or RRR- α-tocopheryl acetate. Animal. 2019;13(9):1874–1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118003373Schmölz L., Birringer M., Lorkowski S., Wallert M. Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2016;7(1):14–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14Schmölz L., Birringer M., Lorkowski S., Wallert M. Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2016;7(1):14–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14Dersjant-Li Y, Peisker M. Utilization of stereoisomers from alpha-tocopherol in livestock animals. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2010;94(4):413–421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2009.00924.xDersjant-Li Y, Peisker M. Utilization of stereoisomers from alpha-tocopherol in livestock animals. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2010;94(4):413–421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2009.00924.xVagni S., Saccone F., Pinotti L., Baldi A. Vitamin E Bioavailability: Past and Present Insights. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2011;2(10):1088–1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2011.210146Vagni S., Saccone F., Pinotti L., Baldi A. Vitamin E Bioavailability: Past and Present Insights. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2011;2(10):1088–1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2011.210146Havard S., Leiber F. Revision of Vitamin E recommendations for dairy cows in organic agriculture: a reviewbased approach. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture. 2023;39(4):223–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2023.2200204Havard S., Leiber F. Revision of Vitamin E recommendations for dairy cows in organic agriculture: a reviewbased approach. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture. 2023;39(4):223–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2023.2200204Quek S. Y., Chu B. S., Baharin B. S. Commercial extraction of vitamin E from food sources. In: Preedy V, Watson R, editors. The encyclopedia of vitamin E. Wallingford: CAB International, 2007. pp. 140–152. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288516996_Commercial_extraction_of_vitamin_E_from_food_sourcesQuek S. Y., Chu B. S., Baharin B. S. Commercial extraction of vitamin E from food sources. In: Preedy V, Watson R, editors. The encyclopedia of vitamin E. Wallingford: CAB International, 2007. pp. 140–152. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288516996_Commercial_extraction_of_vitamin_E_from_food_sourcesLashkari S., Jensen S. K., Bernes G. Biodiscrimination of alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers in plasma and tissues of lambs fed different proportions of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Journal of Animal Science. 2019;97(3):1222–1233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz011Lashkari S., Jensen S. K., Bernes G. Biodiscrimination of alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers in plasma and tissues of lambs fed different proportions of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Journal of Animal Science. 2019;97(3):1222–1233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz011Jensen S. K., Lauridsen C. α-Tocopherol Stereoisomers. Vitamins & Hormones. 2007;76:281–308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(07)76010-7Jensen S. K., Lauridsen C. α-Tocopherol Stereoisomers. Vitamins & Hormones. 2007;76:281–308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(07)76010-7Kidane A., Nesheim I. L., Larsen H. J. S., Thuen E., Jensen S. K., Steinshamn H. Effects of supplementing midlactation dairy cows with seaweed and vitamin E on plasma and milk α -tocopherol and antibody response to immunezation. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2015;153(5):929–942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859615000052Kidane A., Nesheim I. L., Larsen H. J. S., Thuen E., Jensen S. K., Steinshamn H. Effects of supplementing midlactation dairy cows with seaweed and vitamin E on plasma and milk α -tocopherol and antibody response to immunezation. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2015;153(5):929–942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859615000052EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances Used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). Scientific Opinion on the Safety and Efficacy of Vitamin E as a Feed Additive for All Animal Species. EFSA Journal. 2010;8(6):1635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1635EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances Used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). Scientific Opinion on the Safety and Efficacy of Vitamin E as a Feed Additive for All Animal Species. EFSA Journal. 2010;8(6):1635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1635Bjorneboe A., Bjorneboe G. E., Drevon C. A. Absorption, transport and distribution of vitamin E. Journal of Nutrition. 1990;120(3):233–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.3.233Bjorneboe A., Bjorneboe G. E., Drevon C. A. Absorption, transport and distribution of vitamin E. Journal of Nutrition. 1990;120(3):233–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.3.233Wang X., Quinn P. J., Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Progress in Lipid Research. 1999;38(4):309–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7827(99)00008-9Wang X., Quinn P. J., Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Progress in Lipid Research. 1999;38(4):309–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7827(99)00008-9Reboul E. Vitamin E Bioavailability: Mechanisms of Intestinal Absorption in the Spotlight. Antioxidants. 2017;6(4):95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6040095Reboul E. Vitamin E Bioavailability: Mechanisms of Intestinal Absorption in the Spotlight. Antioxidants. 2017;6(4):95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6040095Brigelius-Flohé R., Kelly F. J., Salonen J. T., Neuzil J., Zingg J. M., Azzi A. The European perspective on vitamin E: current knowledge and future research. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76(4):703–716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.4.703Brigelius-Flohé R., Kelly F. J., Salonen J. T., Neuzil J., Zingg J. M., Azzi A. The European perspective on vitamin E: current knowledge and future research. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76(4):703–716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.4.703Weiser H., Riss G., Kormann A. W. Biodiscrimination of the eight alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers results in preferential accumulation of the four 2R forms in tissues and plasma of rats. The Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126(10):2539–2549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.10.2539Weiser H., Riss G., Kormann A. W. Biodiscrimination of the eight alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers results in preferential accumulation of the four 2R forms in tissues and plasma of rats. The Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126(10):2539–2549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.10.2539Burton G. W., Traber M. G., Acuff R. V., Walters D. N., Kayden H., Hughes L., Ingold K. Human plasma and tissue α-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;67(4):669–684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.4.669Burton G. W., Traber M. G., Acuff R. V., Walters D. N., Kayden H., Hughes L., Ingold K. Human plasma and tissue α-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;67(4):669–684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.4.669Cassano R. Vitamin E chemistry, biological activity and benefits on the skin. Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin. 2012;2(1):144–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-729-5_9Cassano R. Vitamin E chemistry, biological activity and benefits on the skin. Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin. 2012;2(1):144–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-729-5_9Lee G. Y., Han S. N. The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111614Lee G. Y., Han S. N. The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111614Визнер Э. Кормление и плодовитость с.-х. животных. Пер. с нем. О. Н. Преображенского. М.: Колос, 1976. 158 с. Vizner E. Feeding and fertility of farm animals. Per. s nem. O. N. Preobrazhenskogo. Moscow: Kolos, 1976. 158 p.Визнер Э. Кормление и плодовитость с.-х. животных. Пер. с нем. О. Н. Преображенского. М.: Колос, 1976. 158 с. Vizner E. Feeding and fertility of farm animals. Per. s nem. O. N. Preobrazhenskogo. Moscow: Kolos, 1976. 158 p.Blatt D. H., Pryor W. A., Mata J. E., Rodriguez-Proteau R. Re-evaluation of the relative potency of synthetic and natural α-tocopherol: Experimental and clinical observations. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2004;15(7):380–395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.12.011Blatt D. H., Pryor W. A., Mata J. E., Rodriguez-Proteau R. Re-evaluation of the relative potency of synthetic and natural α-tocopherol: Experimental and clinical observations. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2004;15(7):380–395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.12.011Finch J. M., Turner R. J. Effects of selenium and vitamin E on the immune responses of domestic animals. Research in Veterinary Science. 1996;60(2):97–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(96)90001-6Finch J. M., Turner R. J. Effects of selenium and vitamin E on the immune responses of domestic animals. Research in Veterinary Science. 1996;60(2):97–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(96)90001-6Lindqvist H., Nadeau E., Jensen S. K., Søegaard K. α-tocopherol and b-carotene in legume-grass mixtures as influenced by wilting, ensiling and type of silage additive. Grass and Forage Science. 2011;67(1):119–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12058Lindqvist H., Nadeau E., Jensen S. K., Søegaard K. -tocopherol and b-carotene in legume-grass mixtures as influenced by wilting, ensiling and type of silage additive. Grass and Forage Science. 2011;67(1):119–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12058Shingfield K. J., Salo-Väänänen P., Pahkala E., Toivonen V., Jaakkola S., Piironen V., Huhtanen P. Effect of forage conservation method, concenrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows’ milk. Journal of Dairy Research. 2005;72(3):349–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029905000919Shingfield K. J., Salo-Väänänen P., Pahkala E., Toivonen V., Jaakkola S., Piironen V., Huhtanen P. Effect of forage conservation method, concenrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows’ milk. Journal of Dairy Research. 2005;72(3):349–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029905000919Lindqvist H., Nadeau E., Jensen S. K. Alpha‐tocopherol and β‐carotene in legume–grass mixtures as influenced by wilting, ensiling and type of silage additive. Grass and Forage Science. 2012;67(1);119–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2011.00827.xLindqvist H., Nadeau E., Jensen S. K. Alpha‐tocopherol and β‐carotene in legume–grass mixtures as influenced by wilting, ensiling and type of silage additive. Grass and Forage Science. 2012;67(1);119–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2011.00827.xQamar A., Saeed F., Nadeem M. T., Hussain A. I., Khan M. A., Niaz B. Probing the storage stability and sensorial characteristics of wheat and barley grasses juice. Food Science & Nutrition. 2019;7(3):554–562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.841Qamar A., Saeed F., Nadeem M. T., Hussain A. I., Khan M. A., Niaz B. Probing the storage stability and sensorial characteristics of wheat and barley grasses juice. Food Science & Nutrition. 2019;7(3):554–562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.841Mogensen L., Kristensen T., Søegaard K., Jensen S. K., Sehested J. Alfa-tocopherol and beta-carotene in roughages and milk in organic dairy herds. Livestock Science. 2012;145(1-3):44–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.12.021Mogensen L., Kristensen T., Søegaard K., Jensen S. K., Sehested J. Alfa-tocopherol and beta-carotene in roughages and milk in organic dairy herds. Livestock Science. 2012;145(1-3):44–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.12.021Kalač P., Samková E. The effects of feeding various forages on fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat: a review. Czech Journal of Animal Science. 2010;55(12):521–537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/2485-CJASKalač P., Samková E. The effects of feeding various forages on fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat: a review. Czech Journal of Animal Science. 2010;55(12):521–537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/2485-CJASHöjer A., Adler S., Martinsson K., Jensen S. K., Steinshamn H., Thuen E., Gustavsson A.-M. Effect of legumegrass silages and α-tocopherol supplementation on fatty acid composition and α-tocopherol, β-carotene and retinol concentrations in organically produced bovine milk. Livestock Science. 2012:148(3);268–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5226Höjer A., Adler S., Martinsson K., Jensen S. K., Steinshamn H., Thuen E., Gustavsson A.-M. Effect of legumegrass silages and α-tocopherol supplementation on fatty acid composition and α-tocopherol, β-carotene and retinol concentrations in organically produced bovine milk. Livestock Science. 2012:148(3);268–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5226Meglia G., Jensen S. K., Lauridsen C., Waller K. P. A-Tocopherol concentration and stereoisomer composition in plasma and milk from dairy cows fed natural or synthetic vitamin E around calving. Journal of Dairy Research. 2006;73(2):227–234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029906001701Meglia G., Jensen S. K., Lauridsen C., Waller K. P. A-Tocopherol concentration and stereoisomer composition in plasma and milk from dairy cows fed natural or synthetic vitamin E around calving. Journal of Dairy Research. 2006;73(2):227–234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029906001701Pekmezci D. Vitamin E and immunity. Vitamins & Hormones. 2011;86:179–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00008-3Pekmezci D. Vitamin E and immunity. Vitamins & Hormones. 2011;86:179–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00008-3Bivona III J. J., Patel S., Vajdy M. Induction of cellular and molecular Immunomodulatory pathways by vitamin E and vitamin C. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2017;17(12):1539–1551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2017.1375096Bivona III J. J., Patel S., Vajdy M. Induction of cellular and molecular Immunomodulatory pathways by vitamin E and vitamin C. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2017;17(12):1539–1551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2017.1375096Kuhn M. J., Sordillo L. M. Vitamin E analogs limit in vitro oxidant damage to bovine mammary endothelial cells. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021;104(6):7154–7167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19675Kuhn M. J., Sordillo L. M. Vitamin E analogs limit in vitro oxidant damage to bovine mammary endothelial cells. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021;104(6):7154–7167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19675Hogan J. S., Weiss W. P., Smith K. L. Role of vitamin E and selenium in host defense against mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science. 1993;76(9):2795–2803. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77618-3Hogan J. S., Weiss W. P., Smith K. L. Role of vitamin E and selenium in host defense against mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science. 1993;76(9):2795–2803. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77618-3Politis I., Hidiroglou N., Cheli F., Baldi A. Effects of vitamin E on urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor expression by bovine neutrophils. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2001;62(12):1934–1938. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1934Politis I., Hidiroglou N., Cheli F., Baldi A. Effects of vitamin E on urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor expression by bovine neutrophils. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2001;62(12):1934–1938. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1934Bourne N., Wathes D. C., Lawrence K. E., McGowan M., Laven R. A. The effect of parenteral supplementation of vitamin E with selenium on the healthand productivity of dairy cattle in the UK. The Veterinary Journal. 2008;177(3);381–387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.006Bourne N., Wathes D. C., Lawrence K. E., McGowan M., Laven R. A. The effect of parenteral supplementation of vitamin E with selenium on the healthand productivity of dairy cattle in the UK. The Veterinary Journal. 2008;177(3);381–387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.006Fattah A. A. M., Abd Rabo F. H. R., EL-Dieb S. M., Elkashef H. A. S. Changes in composition of colostrum of Egyptian buffaloes and Holstein cows. BMC Veterinary Research. 2012;8:19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-19Fattah A. A. M., Abd Rabo F. H. R., EL-Dieb S. M., Elkashef H. A. S. Changes in composition of colostrum of Egyptian buffaloes and Holstein cows. BMC Veterinary Research. 2012;8:19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-19Quigley III J. D., Bernard J. K. Effects of addition of vitamin E to colostrum on serum α-tocopherol and immunoglobulin concentrations in neonatal calves. Food and Agricultural Immunology. 1995:7(3):295–298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540109509354887Quigley III J. D., Bernard J. K. Effects of addition of vitamin E to colostrum on serum α-tocopherol and immunoglobulin concentrations in neonatal calves. Food and Agricultural Immunology. 1995:7(3):295–298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540109509354887Schmidt N., Luhmann T., Hüther L., Meyer U., Barth S. A., Geue L., Menge C., Frahm J., Dänicke S. Effect of vitamin E supplementation in milk replacer and Shiga toxoid vaccination on serum α-tocopherol, performance, haematology and blood chemistry in male Holstein calves First published. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2018;102(5):1167–1180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12926Schmidt N., Luhmann T., Hüther L., Meyer U., Barth S. A., Geue L., Menge C., Frahm J., Dänicke S. Effect of vitamin E supplementation in milk replacer and Shiga toxoid vaccination on serum α-tocopherol, performance, haematology and blood chemistry in male Holstein calves First published. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2018;102(5):1167–1180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12926Reddy P. G., Morrill J. L., Frey R. A. Vitamin E requirements of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 1987;70(1):123–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)79987-1Reddy P. G., Morrill J. L., Frey R. A. Vitamin E requirements of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 1987;70(1):123–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)79987-1Nonnecke B. J., Foote M. R., Miller B. L., Beitz D. C., Horst R. L. Short communication: Fat-soluble vitamin and mineral status of milk. replacer-fed dairy calves: Effect of growth rate during the preruminant period. Journal of Dairy Science. 2010;93(6):2684–2690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2892Nonnecke B. J., Foote M. R., Miller B. L., Beitz D. C., Horst R. L. Short communication: Fat-soluble vitamin and mineral status of milk. replacer-fed dairy calves: Effect of growth rate during the preruminant period. Journal of Dairy Science. 2010;93(6):2684–2690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2892Mohri M. H., Seifi A., Khodadadi J. Effects of preweaning parenteral supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on hematology, serum proteins, and weight gain in dairy calves. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2005;14(3):149–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-005-0581-3Mohri M. H., Seifi A., Khodadadi J. Effects of preweaning parenteral supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on hematology, serum proteins, and weight gain in dairy calves. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2005;14(3):149–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-005-0581-3Pekmezci D., Cakiroglu D. Investigation of immunomodulatory effects of levamisole and vitamin E on immunity and some blood parameters in newborn Jersey calves. Veterinary Research Communications. 2009;33(7):711–721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-009-9220-9Pekmezci D., Cakiroglu D. Investigation of immunomodulatory effects of levamisole and vitamin E on immunity and some blood parameters in newborn Jersey calves. Veterinary Research Communications. 2009;33(7):711–721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-009-9220-9Goodier G. E., Williams J. C., O’Reilly K. L., Snider T. G., Stanley C. C., Dolejsiova A. H., Williams C. C. Effects of supplemental vitamin E and lasaocid on growth and immune responses of calves challenged with Eimeriabovis. The Professional Animal Scientist. 2012;28(1):97–107. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237080842_Effects_of_supplemental_vitamin_E_and_lasalocid_on_growth_and_immune_responses_of_calves_challenged_with_Eimeria_bovisGoodier G. E., Williams J. C., O’Reilly K. L., Snider T. G., Stanley C. C., Dolejsiova A. H., Williams C. C. Effects of supplemental vitamin E and lasaocid on growth and immune responses of calves challenged with Eimeriabovis. The Professional Animal Scientist. 2012;28(1):97–107. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237080842_Effects_of_supplemental_vitamin_E_and_lasalocid_on_growth_and_immune_responses_of_calves_challenged_with_Eimeria_bovisHiguchi H., Nagahata H. Effects of vitamins A and E on superoxide production and intracellular signaling of neutrophils in Holstein calves. Canadian journal of veterinary research=Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire. 2000;64(1):69–75. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10680660/Higuchi H., Nagahata H. Effects of vitamins A and E on superoxide production and intracellular signaling of neutrophils in Holstein calves. Canadian journal of veterinary research=Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire. 2000;64(1):69–75. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10680660/Otomaru K., Saito Sh., Endo K., Kohiruimaki M., Ohtsuka H. Effect of supplemental vitamin E on the peripheral blood leukocyte population in Japanese black calves. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2015;77(8):985–988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.15-0060Otomaru K., Saito Sh., Endo K., Kohiruimaki M., Ohtsuka H. Effect of supplemental vitamin E on the peripheral blood leukocyte population in Japanese black calves. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2015;77(8):985–988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.15-0060Otomaru К., Miyahara T., Saita H., Yamauchi Sh., Nochi T. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on serum oxidative stress biomarkers, antibody titer after live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccination, as well as serum and fecal immunoglobulin A in weaned Japanese Black calves. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2022;84(8):1128–1133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.22-0170Otomaru К., Miyahara T., Saita H., Yamauchi Sh., Nochi T. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on serum oxidative stress biomarkers, antibody titer after live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccination, as well as serum and fecal immunoglobulin A in weaned Japanese Black calves. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2022;84(8):1128–1133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.22-0170Rajaraman V., Nonnecke B. J., Franklin S. T., Hammel D. C., Horst R. L. Effects of vitamin A and E on nitric oxide production by blood mononuclear leukocytes from neonatal calves fed milk replacer. Journal of Dairy Science. 1999;81(12):3278–3285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75892-8Rajaraman V., Nonnecke B. J., Franklin S. T., Hammel D. C., Horst R. L. Effects of vitamin A and E on nitric oxide production by blood mononuclear leukocytes from neonatal calves fed milk replacer. Journal of Dairy Science. 1999;81(12):3278–3285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75892-8Carter J. N., Gill D. R., Krehbiel C. R., Confer A. W., Smith R. A., Lalman D. L., Claypool P. L., McDowell L. R. Vitamin E supplementation of newly arrived feedlot calves. Journal of Animal Science. 2005;83(8):1924–1932. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.8381924xCarter J. N., Gill D. R., Krehbiel C. R., Confer A. W., Smith R. A., Lalman D. L., Claypool P. L., McDowell L. R. Vitamin E supplementation of newly arrived feedlot calves. Journal of Animal Science. 2005;83(8):1924–1932. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.8381924xUrban-Chmiel R., Hola P., Lisiecka U., Wernicki A., Puchalski A., Dec M., Wysocka M. An evaluation of the effects of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in bovine respiratory disease complex occurring in feedlot calves after transport. Livestock Science. 2011;141(1):53–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LIVSCI.2011.05.003Urban-Chmiel R., Hola P., Lisiecka U., Wernicki A., Puchalski A., Dec M., Wysocka M. An evaluation of the effects of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in bovine respiratory disease complex occurring in feedlot calves after transport. Livestock Science. 2011;141(1):53–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LIVSCI.2011.05.003Waldner C. L., Uehlinger F. D. Factors associated with serum vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations in beef calves from Alberta and Saskatchewan and the relationship between vitamin concentrations and calf health outcomes. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2017;97(1):65–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2016-0055Waldner C. L., Uehlinger F. D. Factors associated with serum vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations in beef calves from Alberta and Saskatchewan and the relationship between vitamin concentrations and calf health outcomes. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2017;97(1):65–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2016-0055Wernicki A., Stachura R., Hola P., Puchalski A., Dec M., Stęgierska D., Zurek A., Urban-Chmiel R. Efficacy of florfenicol and flunixin followed with vitamin E and/or C on selected oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms in young cattle under transport and adaptation stress. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 2018;74(4):266–271.DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6090Wernicki A., Stachura R., Hola P., Puchalski A., Dec M., Stęgierska D., Zurek A., Urban-Chmiel R. Efficacy of florfenicol and flunixin followed with vitamin E and/or C on selected oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms in young cattle under transport and adaptation stress. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 2018;74(4):266–271.DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6090Sultana J. R., Chandra A. S., Ramana D. B. V., Raghunandan T., Prakash M. G., Venkateswarlu M. Effect of supplemental chromium, vitamin E and selenium on biochemical and physiological parameters of Holstein Friesian calves under heat stress. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2022;56(8):921–927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18805/IJAR.B-4525Sultana J. R., Chandra A. S., Ramana D. B. V., Raghunandan T., Prakash M. G., Venkateswarlu M. Effect of supplemental chromium, vitamin E and selenium on biochemical and physiological parameters of Holstein Friesian calves under heat stress. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2022;56(8):921–927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18805/IJAR.B-4525Cipriano J. E., Morrill J. L., Anderson N. V. Effect of dietary vitamin E on immune responses of calves. Journal of Dairy Science; 1982;65(12):2357–2365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82509-5Cipriano J. E., Morrill J. L., Anderson N. V. Effect of dietary vitamin E on immune responses of calves. Journal of Dairy Science; 1982;65(12):2357–2365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82509-5Samanta A. K., Dass R. S., Rawat M., Mishra S. C., Mehra U. R. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on serum α-tocopherol and immune status of crossbred calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2006;19(4):500–506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.500Samanta A. K., Dass R. S., Rawat M., Mishra S. C., Mehra U. R. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on serum α-tocopherol and immune status of crossbred calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2006;19(4):500–506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.500Majlesi A., Yasini S. P., Azimpour S., Mottaghian P. Evaluation of oxidative and antioxidant status in dairy calves before and after weaning. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2021;24(2):184–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2270Majlesi A., Yasini S. P., Azimpour S., Mottaghian P. Evaluation of oxidative and antioxidant status in dairy calves before and after weaning. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2021;24(2):184–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2270Dersjant-Li Y., Jensen S. K., Bos L. W., Peisker M. R. Bio-discrimination of α-tocopherol Stereoisomers in Rearing and Veal Calves Fed Milk Replacer Supplemented with All-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2009;79(4):199–211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.79.4.199Dersjant-Li Y., Jensen S. K., Bos L. W., Peisker M. R. Bio-discrimination of α-tocopherol Stereoisomers in Rearing and Veal Calves Fed Milk Replacer Supplemented with All-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2009;79(4):199–211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.79.4.199Lashkari S., Jensen S. K., Vestergaard M. Response to different sources of vitamin E orally injected and to various doses of vitamin E in calf starter on the plasma vitamin E level in calves around weaning. Animal. 2022;16(4):100492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100492Lashkari S., Jensen S. K., Vestergaard M. Response to different sources of vitamin E orally injected and to various doses of vitamin E in calf starter on the plasma vitamin E level in calves around weaning. Animal. 2022;16(4):100492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100492Kalač P. Carotenoids, ergosterol and tocopherols in fresh and preserved herbage and their transfer to bovine milk fat and adipose tissues: A review. Journal of Agrobiology. 2012;29(1):1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10146-012-0001-7Kalač P. Carotenoids, ergosterol and tocopherols in fresh and preserved herbage and their transfer to bovine milk fat and adipose tissues: A review. Journal of Agrobiology. 2012;29(1):1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10146-012-0001-7Hemme T., Fagerbeg A., Boelling D., Saha A., Schmeer M., Kühl R., Schier A. Cost component. In IFCN dairy report 2016 (ed. IFCN). IFCN, Kiel, Germany, 2016. pp. 44–45.Hemme T., Fagerbeg A., Boelling D., Saha A., Schmeer M., Kühl R., Schier A. Cost component. In IFCN dairy report 2016 (ed. IFCN). IFCN, Kiel, Germany, 2016. pp. 44–45.Chagas L. M., Bass J. J., Blache D., Burke C. R., Kay J. K., Lindsay D. R., Lucy M. C., Martin G. B., Meier S., Rhodes F. M., Roche J. R., Tchatcher W. W., Webb R. Invited review: New perspectives on the roles of nutrition and metabolic priorities in the subfertility of high-producing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90(9):4022–4032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-852Chagas L. M., Bass J. J., Blache D., Burke C. R., Kay J. K., Lindsay D. R., Lucy M. C., Martin G. B., Meier S., Rhodes F. M., Roche J. R., Tchatcher W. W., Webb R. Invited review: New perspectives on the roles of nutrition and metabolic priorities in the subfertility of high-producing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90(9):4022–4032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-852De Bie J., Langbeen A., Verlaet A., Florizoone F., Immig I., Hermans N., Fransen E., Bols P., Leroy J. The effect of a negative energy balance status on β-carotene availability in serum and follicular fluid of nonlactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2016;99(7):5808–5819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10870De Bie J., Langbeen A., Verlaet A., Florizoone F., Immig I., Hermans N., Fransen E., Bols P., Leroy J. The effect of a negative energy balance status on β-carotene availability in serum and follicular fluid of nonlactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2016;99(7):5808–5819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10870Celi P., Gabai G. Oxidant/antioxidant balance in animal nutrition and health: the role of protein oxidation. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2015;2(9):48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00048Celi P., Gabai G. Oxidant/antioxidant balance in animal nutrition and health: the role of protein oxidation. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2015;2(9):48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00048Politis I., Theodorou G., Lampidonis A. D., Kominakis A., Baldi A. Short communication: Oxidative status and incidence of mastitis relative to blood α-tocopherol concentrations in the postpartum period in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2012;95(12):7331–7335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5866Politis I., Theodorou G., Lampidonis A. D., Kominakis A., Baldi A. Short communication: Oxidative status and incidence of mastitis relative to blood α-tocopherol concentrations in the postpartum period in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2012;95(12):7331–7335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5866Baldi A., Savoini G., Pinotti L., Monfardini E., Cheli F., DellOrto V. Effects of vitamin E and different energy sources on vitamin E status, milk quality and reproduction in transition cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A. 2000;47(10):599–608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00323.xBaldi A., Savoini G., Pinotti L., Monfardini E., Cheli F., DellOrto V. Effects of vitamin E and different energy sources on vitamin E status, milk quality and reproduction in transition cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A. 2000;47(10):599–608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00323.xChandra G., Aggarwal A., Kumar M. S., Singh A. K., Sharma V. K., Upadhyay R. C. Effect of additional vitamin E and zinc supplementation on immunological changes in péripartum Sahiwal cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2014;98(6):1166–1175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12190Chandra G., Aggarwal A., Kumar M. S., Singh A. K., Sharma V. K., Upadhyay R. C. Effect of additional vitamin E and zinc supple- mentation on immunological changes in péripartum Sahiwal cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2014;98(6):1166–1175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12190Bayril T., Yildiz A. S., Akdemir F., Yalcin C., Köse M., Yilmaz O. The technical and financial effects of parenteral supplementation with selenium and vitamin E during late pregnancy and the early lactation period on the productivity of dairy cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2015;28(8):1133–1139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0960Bayril T., Yildiz A. S., Akdemir F., Yalcin C., Köse M., Yilmaz O. The technical and financial effects of parenteral supplementation with selenium and vitamin E during late pregnancy and the early lactation period on the productivity of dairy cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2015;28(8):1133–1139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0960Politis I. Reevaluation of vitamin E supplementation of dairy cows: bioavailability, animal health and milk quality. Animal. 2012;6(9):1427–1434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000225Politis I. Reevaluation of vitamin E supplementation of dairy cows: bioavailability, animal health and milk quality. Animal. 2012;6(9):1427–1434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000225Goff J. P., Kimura K., Horst R. L. Effect of mastectomy on milk fever, energy, and vitamins A, E, and betacarotene status at parturition. Journal of Dairy Science. 2002;85(6):1427–1436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74210-0Goff J. P., Kimura K., Horst R. L. Effect of mastectomy on milk fever, energy, and vitamins A, E, and betacarotene status at parturition. Journal of Dairy Science. 2002;85(6):1427–1436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74210-0Sordillo L. M. Factors affecting mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility. Livestock Production Science. 2005;98(1-2):89–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.017Sordillo L. M. Factors affecting mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility. Livestock Production Science. 2005;98(1-2):89–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.017Herdt T. H., Smith J. C. Blood-lipid and lactation-stage factors affecting serum vitamin E concentrations and vitamin E cholesterol ratios in dairy cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1996;8(2):228–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800213Herdt T. H., Smith J. C. Blood-lipid and lactation-stage factors affecting serum vitamin E concentrations and vitamin E cholesterol ratios in dairy cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1996;8(2):228–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800213Qu Y., Lytle K., Traber M. G., Bobe G. Depleted serum vitamin E concentrations precede left displaced abomasum in early-lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2013;96(5):3012–3022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6357Qu Y., Lytle K., Traber M. G., Bobe G. Depleted serum vitamin E concentrations precede left displaced abomasum in early-lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2013;96(5):3012–3022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6357Weiss W. P., Hogan J., Wyatt D. Relative bioavailability of all-rac and RRR vitamin E based on neutrophil function and total a-tocopherol and isomer concentrations in periparturient dairy cows and their calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 2009;92(2):720–731. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1635Weiss W. P., Hogan J., Wyatt D. Relative bioavailability of all-rac and RRR vitamin E based on neutrophil function and total a-tocopherol and isomer concentrations in periparturient dairy cows and their calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 2009;92(2):720–731. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1635Ingvartsen K. L. Feeding-and management-related diseases in the transition cow: Physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to reduce feedingrelated diseases. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2006;126(3-4):175–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.003Ingvartsen K. L. Feeding-and management-related diseases in the transition cow: Physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to reduce feedingrelated diseases. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2006;126(3-4):175–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.003LeBlanc S. Monitoring metabolic health of dairy cattle in the transition period. Journal of Reproduction and Development. 2010;56(S):S29–S35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.1056s29LeBlanc S. Monitoring metabolic health of dairy cattle in the transition period. Journal of Reproduction and Development. 2010;56(S):S29–S35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.1056s29Leroy J., Rizos D., Sturmey R., Bossaert P., Gutierrez-Adan A., Van Hoeck V., Valckx S., Bols P. Intrafollicular conditions as a major link between maternal metabolism and oocyte quality: a focus on dairy cow fertility. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 2011;24(1):1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/RD11901Leroy J., Rizos D., Sturmey R., Bossaert P., Gutierrez-Adan A., Van Hoeck V., Valckx S., Bols P. Intrafollicular conditions as a major link between maternal metabolism and oocyte quality: a focus on dairy cow fertility. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 2011;24(1):1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/RD11901Spears J. W., Weiss W. P. Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal 2008;176(1):70–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.015Spears J. W., Weiss W. P. Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal 2008;176(1):70–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.015Weiss W. P., Hogan J. S., Todhunter D. A., Smith K. L. Effect of vitamin E supplementation in diets with a low concentration of selenium on mammary gland health of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 1997;80(8):1728–1737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76105-8Weiss W. P., Hogan J. S., Todhunter D. A., Smith K. L. Effect of vitamin E supplementation in diets with a low concentration of selenium on mammary gland health of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 1997;80(8):1728–1737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76105-8Waller P. K., Sandgren H. C., Emanuelson U., Jensen S. K. Supplementation of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to periparturient dairy cows in commercial herds with high mastitis incidence. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90(8):3640–3646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-421Waller P. K., Sandgren H. C., Emanuelson U., Jensen S. K. Supplementation of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to periparturient dairy cows in commercial herds with high mastitis incidence. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90(8):3640–3646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-421Suwanpanya N., Wongpratoom W., Wanapat M., Aiumlamai S., Wittayakun S., Wachirapakom C. The influence of bovine neutrophils on in vitro phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus in heifers supplemented with selenium and vitamin E. Songklanakarin. Journal of Science and Technology. 2007;29(3):697–706. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26469202Suwanpanya N., Wongpratoom W., Wanapat M., Aiumlamai S., Wittayakun S., Wachirapakom C. The influence of bovine neutrophils on in vitro phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus in heifers supplemented with selenium and vitamin E. Songklanakarin. Journal of Science and Technology. 2007;29(3):697–706. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26469202Belanche A., Kingston-Smith A. H., Newbold C. J. An integrated multi-omics approach reveals the effects of supplementing grass or grass hay with vitamin E on the rumen microbiome and its function. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016;7:905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00905Belanche A., Kingston-Smith A. H., Newbold C. J. An integrated multi-omics approach reveals the effects of supplementing grass or grass hay with vitamin E on the rumen microbiome and its function. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016;7:905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00905Koenig K. M., Newbold C. J., McIntosh F. M., Rode L. M. Effects of protozoa on bacterial nitrogen recycling in the rumen1. Journal of Animal Science. 2000;78(9):2431–2445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.7892431xKoenig K. M., Newbold C. J., McIntosh F. M., Rode L. M. Effects of protozoa on bacterial nitrogen recycling in the rumen1. Journal of Animal Science. 2000;78(9):2431–2445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.7892431xNaziroğlu M., Güler T., Yüce A. Effect of vitamin E on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A. 2002;49(5):251–255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00418.xNaziroğlu M., Güler T., Yüce A. Effect of vitamin E on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A. 2002;49(5):251–255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00418.xWu Z., Guo Y., Zhang J., Deng M., Xian Z., Xiong H., Liu D., Sun B. High-Dose Vitamin E Supplementation Can Alleviate the Negative Effect of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cows. Animals. 2023;13(3):486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030486Wu Z., Guo Y., Zhang J., Deng M., Xian Z., Xiong H., Liu D., Sun B. High-Dose Vitamin E Supplementation Can Alleviate the Negative Effect of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cows. Animals. 2023;13(3):486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030486Juárez M., Dugan M. E., Aalhus J. L., Aldai N., Basarab J. A., Baron V. S., McAllister T. A. Effects of vitamin E and flaxseed on rumen-derived fatty acid intermediates in beef intramuscular fat. Meat Science. 2011;88(3):434–440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.01.023Juárez M., Dugan M. E., Aalhus J. L., Aldai N., Basarab J. A., Baron V. S., McAllister T. A. Effects of vitamin E and flaxseed on rumen-derived fatty acid intermediates in beef intramuscular fat. Meat Science. 2011;88(3):434–440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.01.023Hartmann M. S., Mousavi S., Bereswill S., Heimesaat M. M. Vitamin E as promising adjunct treatment option in the combat of infectious diseases caused by bacterial including multi-drug resistant pathogens – Results from a comprehensive literature survey. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology. 2020;10(4):193–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2020.00020Hartmann M. S., Mousavi S., Bereswill S., Heimesaat M. M. Vitamin E as promising adjunct treatment option in the combat of infectious diseases caused by bacterial including multi-drug resistant pathogens – Results from a comprehensive literature survey. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology. 2020;10(4):193–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2020.00020Hosain M. Z., Kabir S. M. L., Kamal M. M. Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developingcountries. Veterinary World. 2021;14(1):210–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.210-221Hosain M. Z., Kabir S. M. L., Kamal M. M. Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developingcountries. Veterinary World. 2021;14(1):210–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.210-221

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.