agronaukaАграрная наука Евро-Северо-ВостокаAgricultural Science Euro-North-East2072-90812500-1396FARC North-East10.30766/2072-9081.20.1.05-19agronauka-293Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИREVIEWПодходы к повышению продуктивности и адаптивности ячменя с помощью технологий генетической модификацииIncreasing of barley productivity and adaptability by using genetic modification technologieshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5171-2476БакулинаА. В.BakulinaA. V.

Бакулина Анна Владимировна - кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии растений и микроорганизмов.

ул. Ленина, д. 166а, Киров, 610007.

Anna V. Bakulina - PhD in Biological Sciences, researcher of the laboratory of biotechnologies of plants and microorganisms.

Lenina str., 166a, Kirov, 610007.

drugaeann1@rambler.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-2729ШирокихИ. Г.ShirokikhI. G.

Широких Ирина Геннадьевна - доктор биологических наук, заведующая лабораторией биотехнологии  растений и микроорганизмов.

ул. Ленина, д. 166а, Киров, 610007.

Irene G. Shirokikh - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the laboratory of biotechnologies of plants and microorganisms.

Lenina str., 166a, Kirov, 610007.

priemnaya@fanc-sv.ruФедеральный аграрный научный центр Северо-Востока им. Н.В. РудницкогоРоссияFederal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. RudnitskyRussian Federation201928022019201519Copyright © Бакулина А.В., Широких И.Г., 20192019Бакулина А.В., Широких И.Г.Bakulina A.V., Shirokikh I.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.agronauka-sv.ru/jour/article/view/293

В обзоре отражены достигнутые к настоящему времени успехи в изучении молекулярных  механизмов стрессоустойчивости ячменя для улучшения его хозяйственно ценных признаков как культуры сельскохозяйственного производства. Описаны возможные генно-инженерные подходы, развиваемые в целях повышения устойчивости культуры к абиотическим стрессам. Особое внимание уделено совершенствованию генома путем интеграции гетерологичных генов. Перечислены перспективные для практического осуществления трансформаций целевые гены и промоторы, проанализирована их эффективность в зависимости от других факторов трансформации. Освещены новейшие технологии целенаправленного мутагенеза, применяемые для геномного редактирования (системы ZFN, TALEN и  CRISPR/Cas9).  Приведены примеры создания с помощью генных технологий новых форм ячменя, отличающихся повышенной засухоустойчивостью, толерантностью к почвенной кислотности и токсичности алюминия, солевому стрессу. Показано, что генетическая модификация позволяет не только ускорить экспериментальный процесс создания новых генотипов, но и представляет собой исследовательский инструмент для анализа и выяснения функций генов: с помощью техник сайленсинга и РНК-интерференции было выявлено и идентифицировано большое количество последовательностей, кодирующих ценные признаки ячменя. Обсуждаются перспективы развития постгеномных технологий для использования в практической селекции этой культуры.

The review presents the achievements in the research of barley stress tolerance molecular mechanisms to improve its economically valuable traits as a crop of agricultural production. Possible genetic engineering approaches developed in order to increase the barley resistance to abiotic stresses have been described. Special attention is paid to the genome improvement through the integration of heterologous genes. The targeted genes and promotors perspective for transformations, their efficiency in dependence to other transformation factors have been summarized and analyzed. The latest technologies of targeted mutagenesis used for genome editing (ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 systems) are observed. The examples of creation of new barley forms with increased resistance to drought, soil acidity, aluminum toxicity and salt stress by using gene technologies are given. It is shown that genetic modification allows not only to accelerate the experiment process of new genotypes creation, but also represents a research tool for the analysis and identification of gene functions. А large number of sequences encoding valuable traits of barley were identified by means of silencing and RNA interference techniques. The prospects of development of post-genomic technologies for use in practical breeding of this culture are discussed.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.