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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">agronauka</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Аграрная наука Евро-Северо-Востока</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Agricultural Science Euro-North-East</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-9081</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-1396</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FARC North-East</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.2.167-187</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">agronauka-749</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка генетической дифференциации популяций молекулярным дисперсионным анализом (аналитический обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of genetic differentiation of populations by analysis of molecular variance (analytical review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-805X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецов Василий Михайлович, доктор с.-х. наук, профессор, зав. лабораторией популяционной генетики в животноводстве</p><p>ул. Ленина, д. 166а, г. Киров, 610007</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vasiliy M. Kuznetsov, DSc in Agricultural Science, professor, Head of the Laboratory of Population Genetics in Animal Husbandry</p><p>Lenin str., 166a, Kirov, 610007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vm-kuznetsov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный аграрный научный центр Северо-Востока имени Н. В. Рудницкого»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N. V. Rudnitsky</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>167</fpage><lpage>187</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузнецов В.М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов В.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov V.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.agronauka-sv.ru/jour/article/view/749">https://www.agronauka-sv.ru/jour/article/view/749</self-uri><abstract><p>В этом исследовании мы сравнили разные подходы к использованию анализа молекулярной дисперсии (Analysis of Мolecular Variance, AMOVA) для оценки генетической дифференциации популяций. Были использованы данные по 11 микросателлитным локусам 84 быков семи пород. Сравнивали результаты по трём опциям модуля AMOVA программы GenAlEx 6.502: по матрице дистанций между аллелями (рассчитывалась FST(W&amp;С) (= θ ) статистика – вариант AMOVA1); по матрице дистанций между генотипами (ΦPT – AMOVA2); по матрице различий в размерах аллелей (RST – AMOVA3). Получены сходные сводные оценки генетической дифференциации пород: FST(W&amp;С) = 0,108, ΦPT = 0,115, RST = 0,110 (все с pperm ≤ 0,001). Между полокусными оценками FST(W&amp;С) и ΦPT коэффициент корреляции был 0,99 (pvalue &lt; 0,0001); статистически значимых корреляций с RST не установлено. Обнаружена высокая корреляция FST(W&amp;С) и ΦPT с полокусными оценками дифференциации по Нею (0,96). Иные, чем GenAlEx программы (Arlequin v.3.5, GenePop v.4.7.3, RST22), давали схожих AMOVA-оценки. Установлена негативная линейная зависимость FST(W&amp;С) и ΦPT оценок от уровня средней гетерозиготности породных выборок (R2 = 0,6, rS = -0,75 при pvalue &lt; 0,02) и отсутствие таковой для RST-оценок (R2 = 0,04, rS = -0,23 при pvalue = 0,47). Стандартизация оценок FST(W&amp;С) и ΦPT по Хедрику устранила эту зависимость и повысила первоначальные оценки до 0,35 и 0,37 соответственно. Последние были сопоставимы с оценками, полученными методами Нея-Хедрика (0,364-0,375), Джоста (0,292) и Морисита-Хорна (0,308). Корреляции Мантеля между матрицами парных по породам генетических дистанций (GD), рассчитанными разными мерами, в большинстве случаев были &gt;0,9. Проекции матриц GD в анализе главных координат (PСoA) на 2D плоскости были в общем сходными. PСoA выделил кластер голштинских «экотипов», кластер «красных» пород и ветку джерсейской породы. В двухфакторном AMOVA данных по кластерам (как двух «регионов») межрегиональная GD составила 0,357; дифференциация пород в пределах «регионов» не превышала 0,027. Моделирование объединения пород с близкими к нулю GD привело к увеличению числа аллелей на локус в «новых» породах на 29 % и повышению сводной оценки генетической дифференциации на 29-46 %. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при разработке мероприятий по сохранению вытесняемых пород.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Different approaches to using the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to assess the genetic differentiation of populations have been compared in the research. Data on 11 microsatellite loci of 84 bulls of seven breeds were used. The results were compared for three options of the AMOVA module of the GenAlEx 6.502 program: the allele distance matrix (calculated FST(W&amp;C) (=θ) statistics – variant AMOVA1); the genotype distance matrix (ΦPT – AMOVA2); and the allele size difference matrix (RST – AMOVA3). Similar summary estimates of the genetic differentiation of breeds were obtained: FST(W&amp;C) = 0.108, ΦPT = 0.115, RST = 0.110 (all with pperm ≤ 0.001). Between the estimates of FST(W&amp;C) and ΦPT for each locus, the correlation coefficient was 0.99 (pvalue &lt;0.0001); no statistically significant correlations with RST were found. A high correlation of FST(W&amp;C) and ΦPT with the estimates of differentiation according to Nei’s (0.96) was found. Programs other than GenAlEx (Arlequin v.3.5, GenePop v.4.7.3, RST22) gave similar AMOVA estimates. The negative linear dependence of FST(W&amp;C) and ΦPT on the level of the average heterozygosity of the breed samples was established (R2 = 0.6, rS = -0.75 for pvalue  &lt; 0.02) and the absence of such dependence for RST (R2 = 0.04, rS = -0.23 for pvalue = 0.47). The standardization of the FST(W&amp;C) and ΦPT estimates according to Hedrick’s eliminated this dependence and raised the initial estimates to 0.35 and 0.37, respectively. The latter were comparable to the estimates obtained by the Nei-Hedrick’s (0.364-0.375), Jost’s (0.292), and Morisit-Horn’s (0.308) methods. The Mantel correlations between the matrices of paired genetic distances (GD) calculated by different measures were &gt;0.9 in most cases. The projections of the GD matrices in the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on the 2D plane were generally similar. The PCoA identified a cluster of Holstein «ecotypes», a cluster of «Red» breeds, and a branch of the Jersey breed. In the two-factor AMOVA of data on clusters (as two «regions»), the interregional GD was 0.357; the differentiation of breeds within the «regions» did not exceed 0.027. Modeling the association of breeds with close to zero GD resulted in an increase in the number of alleles per locus in the «new» breeds by 29 %, and an increase in the combined estimate of genetic differentiation by 29-46 %. The results obtained can be used in the development of measures for the conservation of endangered breeds.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>разведение животных</kwd><kwd>микросателлиты</kwd><kwd>разнообразие</kwd><kwd>генетическая дифференциация</kwd><kwd>генетическая дистанция</kwd><kwd>AMOVA</kwd><kwd>анализ главных координат</kwd><kwd>сохранение генофонда</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>animal breeding</kwd><kwd>microsatellites</kwd><kwd>diversity</kwd><kwd>genetic differentiation</kwd><kwd>genetic distance</kwd><kwd>AMOVA</kwd><kwd>principal сoor dinate analysis</kwd><kwd>gene pool conservation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Минобрнауки РФ в рамках Государственного задания ФГБНУ «Федеральный аграрный научный центр Северо-Востока имени Н. В. 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