Технология протопластов и соматическая гибридизация картофеля – современное состояние и перспективы (обзор)

Дикие виды растений рода Solanum часто использовались в качестве источников важных сельскохозяйственных признаков, включая устойчивость к разнообразным болезням, вредителям и воздействию абиотических факторов. Однако их широкое применение в селекции картофеля ограничено сложными барьерами половой несовместимости с Solanum tuberosum L. Слияние ферментативно изолированных протопластов соматических клеток является одним из подходов к преодолению половой несовместимости. Многообразные ядерные и цитоплазматические признаки, проявляемые соматическими гибридами картофеля, обеспечивают новый генетический материал для селекционных программ, о чем свидетельствует создание большого количества соматических гибридов культурного картофеля с дикими видами Solanum. Исследования в области получения соматических гибридов картофеля с помощью слияния протопластов продолжаются уже более 40 лет. В рамках данного обзора рассматриваются перспективы применения данной технологии в современной селекции картофеля. Геномные, транскриптомные и протеомные исследования позволяют лучше понять фундаментальные процессы, лежащие в основе образования соматических гибридов, такие как формирование клеточной стенки, хромосомные перестройки в продуктах слияния, регенерация, а также вносят существенный вклад в понимание процессов стабилизации генома. Усовершенствование методов молекулярного скрининга как генома, так и цитоплазмы также способствует расширению области применения соматических гибридов в селекции. Наконец показано, что соматическая гибридизация способствует интрогрессии важных сельскохозяйственных признаков, прежде всего устойчивости к патогенам.

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