Ящур: факторы риска и меры контроля (обзор)

Ящур классифицируется Всемирной организацией по охране здоровья животных (далее – МЭБ) как болезнь из Списка А. Учитывая возможность быстрого распространения болезни, все подозрительные случаи необходимо незамедлительно регистрировать и расследовать. Понимание механизма распространения ящура и мер его контроля является ключом к расследованию вспышек и позволяет проследить источник вспышки наряду с потенциальными путями дальнейшего распространения. Ящур эндемичен на обширных территориях Африки, Азии и Южной Америки. В 2022 г. неблагополучными по ящуру странами остаются: Казахстан, Монголия, Китай, Израиль, Индонезия, ОАЭ, Палестина, Алжир, Ботсвана, Замбия, Зимбабве, Малави, Мозамбик, Тунис, ЮАР. В России в 2022 г. ящур не регистрировался. Различают семь серотипов вируса ящура: O, A, C, Азия 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 и SAT 3. К нему восприимчивы крупный рогатый скот, буйволы, овцы, свиньи, козы, африканские буйволы, олени, яки и другие парнокопытные. Наиболее вероятны два основных пути заражения животных: алиментарный и воздушно-капельный, а также контактно через ссадины, загрязненные инструменты или искусственное осеменение. После клинического выздоровления до 50 % жвачных животных становятся персистентно инфицированными и считаются «носителями». Ключевые факторы риска заноса вируса – введение в стадо нового животного с неизвестным статусом вакцинации от ящура, сезонность, отсутствие вакцинации, размер стада. Причиной инфекции часто является неконтролируемое или незаконное перемещение скота. Основной риск заноса ящура исходит от домашнего скота, транспортных средств, людей, непосредственно работающих с восприимчивым к ящуру скотом, диких животных. Ключевые принципы биобезопасности – изоляция больных животных, очистка и дезинфекция помещений и инвентаря. Ящур является основным препятствием для международной торговли скотом и продуктами животного происхождения, поэтому страны, свободные от болезни, принимают повышенные меры предосторожности, чтобы предотвратить проникновение вируса.

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