Foot and mouth disease: risk factors and control measures (review)
https://doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2023.24.3.346-358
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a Schedule A disease. Given the potential for rapid spread of the disease, all suspected cases should be reported and investigated immediately. Understanding the mechanism of FMD spread and control measures is key to outbreak investigation and allows the source of an outbreak to be traced along with potential routes of further spread. Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in vast areas of Africa, Asia and South America. In 2022, the following countries remain unfavorable for FMD: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Israel, Indonesia, UAE, Palestine, Algeria, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Tunisia, South Africa. In Russia, in 2022, foot and mouth disease was not registered. There are seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus: O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3. Cattle, buffalo, sheep, pigs, goats, African buffalo, deer, yaks and other artiodactyls are susceptible to it. The two principle ways in which an animal can become infected are by inhalation of virus particles in the air, and by ingestion of food material containing virus particles, also through abrasions, contaminated instruments or artificial insemination. Up to 50 % of ruminant animals become persistently infected after clinical recover and termed a "carrier". Key risk factors for virus introduction are the introduction of a new animal into the herd with an unknown FMD vaccination status, seasonality, lack of vaccination, herd size. The cause of infection is often the uncontrolled or illegal movement of livestock. The main risk of FMD introduction comes from livestock, vehicles, people directly working with livestock susceptible to FMD, wild animals. The key principles of biosecurity are isolation of sick animals, cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment. Foot-and-mouth disease is a major barrier to international trade in livestock and animal products, so countries free of the disease are taking increased precautions to prevent the virus from entering.
About the Authors
O. A. BurovaRussian Federation
Olga A. Burova, Deputy head of the Department of Epizootology and Risk Assessment Associated with Animal Health
Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
O. I. Zakharova
Russian Federation
Olga I. Zakharova, researcher, the Department of Epizootology and Risk Assessment Associated with Animal Health
Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
I. V. Iashin
Russian Federation
Ivan V. Iashin, PhD in Biological Science, Director of the Branch
Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
S. Sh. Khaibrakhmanova
Russian Federation
Svetlana Sh. Khaibrakhmanova, PhD in Veterinary
Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
O. V. Zhuchkova
Russian Federation
Olga V. Zhuchkova, researcher
Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
N. A. Grebnev
Russian Federation
Nikita A. Grebnev, researcher
Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
A. A. Blokhin
Russian Federation
Andrey A. Blokhin, PhD in Veterinary, leading researcher, the Department of Epizootology and Risk Assessment Associated with Animal Health
Veterinarnaya st., 3, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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Review
For citations:
Burova O.A., Zakharova O.I., Iashin I.V., Khaibrakhmanova S.Sh., Zhuchkova O.V., Grebnev N.A., Blokhin A.A. Foot and mouth disease: risk factors and control measures (review). Agricultural Science Euro-North-East. 2023;24(3):346-358. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2023.24.3.346-358