Перспективы использования эндофитных и экстремофильных микроорганизмов в борьбе с фитопатогенами сельскохозяйственных культур (обзор)

В годы с острой эпифитотической обстановкой инфекционные заболевания растений вызывают значительные потери урожая. Для обеспечения продуктивности сельскохозяйственных культур используют пестициды – вещества химической природы, защищающие растения от фитопатогенов. Повсеместное применение пестицидов приводит к загрязнению почвенных и водных ресурсов, изменениям в микробиоме, нарушению нормального роста и развития растений. С целью минимизировать антропогенное влияние на территории агропромышленного комплекса и обеспечить защиту культурных растений от биотических стрессов разработаны экологически безопасные аналоги пестицидов химической природы – биопестициды на основе бактерий и грибов (получили большее распространение), а также вирусов. В обзоре на основе анализа 105 научных источников рассмотрены преимущества данных препаратов, описаны перспективные агенты биологического контроля, которые могут быть включены в их состав, а именно эндофитные (колонизируют ткани растений) и экстремофильные (выживают в агрессивных условиях окружающей среды) микроорганизмы. Применение эндофитных микроорганизмов в борьбе с инфекционными заболеваниями растений перспективно за счет их способности оказывать непосредственное влияние на рост сельскохозяйственных культур, в частности на их индуцированную резистентность. Положительный эффект от применения экстремофильных микроорганизмов связан с универсальностью их использования, а именно способностью сохранять эффективность в различных почвенно-климатических условиях.

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