Complex bioconversion of secondary products of processing pea flour into fodder yeast

The purpose of the research is to develop a comprehensive bioconversion of secondary processing products (SPP) of pea flour: liquid whey and insoluble starch-protein residue (ISPR), formed during the isolation of food protein concentrate (PC) using various enzyme preparations. The research was carried out in 2021-2023. The bioconversion of whey and ISPR into fodder yeast (FY) was performed with the association of cultures of S. cerevisiae 121 and G. candidum 977 (1:1). There was created a mathematical model of the dependence of biomass growth on whey on technological factors, and the optimal parameters were determined: pH, temperature, amount of inoculum. In the process of biomass synthesis microorganisms absorbed glucose, xylose, galactose, fructose from whey. The parameters of ISPR hydrolysis and the conditions for its joint bioconversion with whey with the same microorganisms were established: the amount of residue added to the mass of whey, pH, temperature, process duration, pressure. With insoluble starch-protein residue hydrolyzed at pH 1.8, the amount of protein in the biomass increased by 2.2 times, reducing sugars – by 6.1 times, compared with the original whey. At the same time, glucose and maltose were absorbed. Dry FYs contained 51.09-61.68 % protein, 2-8 % lipids, and ash content 5-8 % per dry matter. The amino acid score of proteins was 90-247 %, the ratio of saturated (23.5 %) and unsaturated fatty acids (71.67 %) – 1:3, omega-6 fatty acids – 19.73 %, trans-isomers – 5.0 %. Yeast is rich in sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc. The mass fraction of nucleic acids and heavy metals in FYs were within the normal range, in vitro digestibility was 85.73-89.74 %. The data indicated the expediency of utilization of pea flour secondary processing products into high-quality FY by comprehensive bioconversion.

1. Xu J. C., Zhang M. L., He T., Luo H. J., Peng K. M., Huang X. F., Liu J. Application of de-lignified cellulose to enhance intracellular and extracellular lipid production from oleaginous yeast using acetic acid. Bioresource Technology. 2019;293:122032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122032

2. Sarris D., Sampani Z., Rapti A., Papanikolaou S. Valorization of Crude Glycerol, Residue Deriving from Biodiesel- Production Process, with the Use of Wild-type New Isolated Yarrowialipolytica Strains: Production of Metabolites with Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Interest. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2019;20(10):881-894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190211145215

3. Колпакова В. В., Уланова Р. В., Куликов Д. С., Гулакова В. А., Кадиева А. Т. Зерновые композиты с комплементарным аминокислотным составом для пищевых и кормовых целей. Техника и технология пищевых производств. 2019;49(2):301-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-2-301-311 EDN: EUOTKW

4. Kolpakova V. V., Ulanova R. V., Kulikov D. S., Gulakova V. A., Kadieva A. T. Grain composites with a complementary amino acid composition in food and fodder. Tekhnika i tekhnologiya pishchevykh proizvodstv = Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2019;49(2):301-311. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-2-301-311

5. Alves S. C., Díaz-Ruiz E., Lisboa B., Sharma M., Mussatto S. I., Thakur V. K., Kalaskar D. M., Gupta V. K., Chandel A. K. Microbial meat: A sustainable vegan protein source produced from agri-waste to feed the world. Food Research International. 2023;166:112596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112596

6. Kurcz A., Błażejak S., Kot A. M., Bzducha-Wróbel A., Kieliszek M. Application of Industrial Wastes for the Production of Microbial Single-Cell Protein by Fodder Yeast Candida utilis. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2018;9(1):57-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9782-z

7. Błażejak S., Gientka I., Bzducha-Wróbel A., Stasiak L., Maszewska M. Evaluation of the ability of the intracellular fat biosynthesis by Rhodotorula gracilis yeast in media containing potato wastewater enriched with glycerol. Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczychnr. 2014;576:3-12. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272086076_Evaluation_of_the_ability_of_the_intracellular_fat_biosynthesis_by_Rhodotorula_gracilis_yeast_in_media_containing_potato_wastewater_enriched_with_glycerol

8. Yadav J. S. S., Bezawada J., Ajila C. M., Yan S., Tyagi R. D., Surampalli R. Y. Mixed culture of Kluyveromyces marxianus and Candida krusei for single-cell protein production and organic load removal from whey. Bioresource Technology. 2014;164:119-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.069

9. Yue-Ming Zho, You-Peng Chen, Jin-Song Guo, Yu Shen, Peng Yan, Ji-Xiang Yang. Recycling of orange waste for single cell protein production and the synergistic and antagonistic effects on production quality. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;213(10):384-392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.168

10. Carranza-Méndez R. C., Chávez-González M. L., Sepúlveda Torre L., Aguilar C. N., Govea-Salas M., Ramos-González R. Production of single cell protein from orange peel residues by Candida utilis. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2022;40:102298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102298

11. Ahlborn J., Stephan A., Meckel T., Maheshwari G., Rühl M., Zorn H. Upcycling of food industry side streams by basidiomycetes for production of a vegan protein source. International journal of recycling of organic waste in agriculture. 2019;8(1):447-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-00317-4

12. Kot A. M., Błażejak S., Kieliszek M., Gientka I., Bryś J., Reczek L., Pobiega K. Effect of exogenous stress factors on the biosynthesis of carotenoids and lipids by Rhodotorula yeast strains in media containing agro industrial waste. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019;35:157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-019-2732-8

13. Shakira G., Qubtia M., Ahmed I., Hasan F., Anjum M. I., Imran M. Effect of indigenously isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotics on milk production, nutrient digestibility, blood chemistry and fecal microbiota in lactating dairy cows. Journal of animal and plant sciences. 2018;28(2):407-420. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318959513_Effect_of_Indigenously_Isolated_Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_Probiotics_on_Milk_Production_Nutrient_Digestibility_Blood_Chemistry_and_Fecal_Microbiota_in_Lactating_Dairy_Cows

14. Серба Е. М., Соколова Е. Н., Фурсова Н. А., Волкова Г. С., Борщева Ю. А., Курбатова Е. И., Куксова Е. В. Получение биологически активных добавок на основе обогащенной дрожжевой биомассы. Хранение и переработка сельхозсырья. 2018;(2):74-79.

15. Serba E. M., Sokolova E. N., Fursova N. A., Volkova G. S., Borshcheva Yu. A., Kurbatova E. I., Kuksova E. V. Obtaining biologically active additives based on enriched yeast biomass. Khranenie i pererabotka sel'khozsyr'ya. 2018;(2):74-79. (In Russ.).

16. Türker M., Mert Selimoğlu S., Taşpınar-Demir H. Chapter 12 − Waste(water) to feed protein effluent characteristics, protein recovery, and single-cell protein production from food industry waste streams. In book: Clean Energy and Resource Recovery: Wastewater Treatment Plants as Biorefineries, 2022. Pp. 201-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90178-9.00017-2

17. Zott T., Solieri L., Iacumin L., Picozzi C., Gullo M. Valorization of cheese whey using microbial fermentations. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2020;104:2749-2764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10408-2

18. Barba F. J. An integrated approach for the valorization of cheese whey. Foods. 2021;10(3):564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030564

19. Sibtain A., Ghulam M., Muhammad A., Muhammad I. R. Fungal Biomass Protein Production from Trichoderma harzianum Using Rice Polishing. BioMed Research International. 2017;2017:6232793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6232793

20. Сон О. М., Черевач Е. И., Текутьева Л. А. Использование отходов зерноперерабатывающей промышленности в микробиологическом синтезе кормового белка. Хранение и переработка сельхозсырья. 2016;(12):24-27.

21. Son O. M., Cherevach E. I., Tekut'eva L. A. Use of grain-processing industry wastes in the microbiological synthesis of feed protein. Khranenie i pererabotka sel'khozsyr'ya. 2016;(12):24-27. (In Russ.).

22. Machado W. R. M., Silva L. G., Vanzela E. S. L., Del Bianchi V. L. Production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula toruloides isolated from Brazilian tropical savannah. International food research journal. 2019;26(4):1259-1267. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350095973_Production_of_carotenoids_by_Rhodotorula_toruloides_isolated_from_Brazilian_tropical_savannah

23. Фоменко И. А., Дегтярев И. А., Иванова Л. А., Машенцева Н. Г. Разработка технологии белкового концентрата из дрожжевой биомассы Kluyveromyces marxianus Van der Walt (1965). Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2021;56(6):1172-1182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2021.6.1172rus EDN: TCIRAD

24. Fomenko I. A., Degtyarev I. A., Ivanova L. A., Mashentseva N. G. A technology for obtaining a protein concentrate from yeast biomass of Kluyveromyces marxianus Van der Walt (1965). Sel'skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya = Agricultural Biology. 2021;56(6):1172-1182. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2021.6.1172rus

25. Souza P. F. F., Nair R. B., Andersson D., Lennartsson P. R., Taherzadeh M. J. Vegan-mycoprotein concentrate from pea-processing industry byproduct using edible filamentous fungi. Fungal Biology and Biotechnology. 2018;5:5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-018-0050-9

26. Лукин Н. Д., Уланова Р. В., Кравченко И. К., Колпакова В. В., Гольдштейн В. Г. Биоконверсия вторичных продуктов переработки зерна тритикале на крахмал с использованием гриба Pleurotus ostreatus 23. Химия растительного сырья. 2018;(4):225-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018043993 EDN: VQQTUD

27. Lukin N. D., Ulanova R. V., Kravchenko I. K., Kolpakova V. V., Gol'dshteyn V. G. Bioconversion of secondary grain treatment products of tritical on starch using the Pleurotus ostreatus 23 mushroom. Khimiya rastitel'nogo syr'ya = Chemistry of plant raw material. 2018;(4):225-234. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018043993

28. Колпакова В. В., Куликов Д. С., Уланова Р. В., Чумикина Л. В. Пищевые и кормовые белковые препараты из гороха и нута: производство, свойства, применение. Техника и технология пищевых производств. 2021;51(2):333-348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-2-333-348 EDN: PQCGGQ

29. Kolpakova V. V., Kulikov D. S., Ulanova R. V., Chumikina L. V. Food and feed protein preparations from peas and chickpeas: production, properties, application. Tekhnika i tekhnologiya pishchevykh proizvodstv = Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2021;51(2):333-348. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-2-333-348

30. Slaný O., Klempová T., Marcinčák S., Čertík M. Production of high-value bioproducts enriched with γ-linolenic acid and β-carotene by filamentous fungi. Umbelopsis isabellina using solid-state fermentations. Annals of Microbiology. 2020;70:5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13213-020-01545-0

31. Chuppa-Tostain G., Hoarau J., Watson M., Adelard L., Sing A. S. Ch., Caro Y., Grondin I., Bourven I., Francois JM., Girbal-Neuhauser E., Petit T. Production of Aspergillus niger biomass on sugarcane distillery wastewater: physiological aspects and potential for biodiesel production Bioremediation, Biodiesel, Lipids. Fungal Biology and Biotechnology. 2018;5:1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-018-0045-6

32. Kamani M. H., Meera M. S., Bhaskar N., Modi V. K. Partial and total replacement of meat by plant-based proteins in chicken sausage: evaluation of mechanical, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2019;56:2660-2669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03754-1

33. Бограчева Т. Я., Гаревский Г. В., Гонсалес Р. О., Корабленко М. А. Способ получения изолята белка и крахмала из гороха: пат. № 2054265 Российская Федерация. №94007599: заявл. 28.02.1994; опубл. 20.02.1996. 10 с. Режим доступа: https://yandex.ru/patents/doc/RU2054265C1_19960220

34. Bogracheva T. Ya., Garevskiy G. V., Gonsales R. O., Korablenko M. A. Method of preparing protein isolate and starch from pea: Patent RF, no. 2054265. 1996. URL: https://yandex.ru/patents/doc/RU2054265C1_19960220