Бактериальная микробиота желудочно-кишечного тракта крупного рогатого скота молочного направления: состав, функции, значение (обзор)

В обзоре представлен обобщенный материал экспериментальных исследований и обзорных работ (114 источников, в т. ч. 110 зарубежных) по изучению состава бактериальной микробиоты желудочно-кишечного тракта у крупного рогатого скота в зависимости от возраста, клинического состояния животных и уровня продуктивности, показано влияние функциональной активности микробиоты на формирование и развитие организма. Микробиота оказывает влияние на здоровье и продуктивные качества крупного рогатого скота. Наиболее важную роль играет бактериальное сообщество желудочно-кишечного тракта как элемент пищеварительной системы. Эта сложная система с обратной связью, где, с одной стороны, на микробиоту влияет генотип хозяина, кормовая база, условия содержания, тип выращивания, применяемые лекарственные препараты и т. д., а с другой – микробиота главным образом влияет на пластический и энергетический обмен, но также опосредованно затрагивает респираторную, выделительную, центральную нервную и иммунную системы организма. Бактериальное разнообразие закладывается ещё во внутриутробном периоде развития организма, претерпевает существенные изменения по мере взросления телёнка и остаётся лабильным на протяжении всей жизни, приспосабливаясь к изменяющимся условиям. Современные исследования заболеваний пищеварительной системы всё больше обращают внимание на состав микробного сообщества, указывая на опасность применения антибиотиков и необходимость перехода на пробиотическую и пребиотическую терапию. Продуктивные качества коров, например: удой, выход молочного жира и белка также зависят от состава микробиоты.

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