The structure of the microbiota of the colon of young pigs is normal and in the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract

Diseases of the digestive organs in animals in the conditions of industrial pork technology are widespread in all technological groups. Diarrhea syndrome is the most frequent in piglets on nursery, especially at the beginning of the period, which is associated with abrupt weaning and diet change. The aim of the work was to carry out a comparative assessment of fecal intestinal microbiota in healthy piglets and saplings with diarrheal syndrome using a molecular genetic method. Biological material was collected at a large pig-breeding complex. The object of the study was healthy and sick young pigs in the technological group of nursery. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was used as a molecular genetic method. According to the results of laboratory studies, it was found that the development of the disease in animals was accompanied by an increase in the total number of bacteria in the contents of the rectum by 10^7.32. In the structure of the fecal microbiota, the content of desirable microorganisms in young animals with clinical manifestation of diarrhea was 82.19 %, which is 15.40 % less than in healthy animals. These changes occur due to an increase in the contents of the rectum in sick piglets of representatives of undesirable microorganisms. When diarrhea occurs in piglets, a decrease in the majority of representatives of the normoflora belonging to the genus Lactobacillus spp., Lachnobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Megasphaera spp., Veillonella spp., Dialister spp. is recorded in the biological material and an increase in the number of opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms, in particular Peptostreptococcus spp., Mobiluncus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Atopobium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., as well as the Enterobacteriaceae family. Understanding the structural changes of the microbiota in normal and pathological conditions will allow for the correct interpretation of the experiments aimed at correcting the microbiome using probiotic agents aimed at the competitive replacement of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora.

1. Zakharova T. P., Sidorova K. A. Some data on noncontagious pathology of pigs. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya = Modern problems of science and education. 2014;(6):1829. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?edn=tgrhmd

2. Vetvitskaya A. Diarrhea in piglets: effective steps to protect livestock. Effektivnoe zhivotnovodstvo. 2020;8(165):39–45. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44310690

3. Khoroshevskaya L. V. The effectiveness of zinc use in the treatment of porcine diarrhea. Effektivnoe zhivotnovodstvo. 2020;1(158):66–68. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42479027

4. Novikova E. N., Koba I. S., Barsukov Yu. I. The spread of diseases of non-infectious etiology in various branches of animal husbandry in the Russian Federation. Veterinariya, zootekhniya i biotekhnologiya = Veterinary Medicine, Zootechnics and Biotechnology. 2023;(5):34–41. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202305005

5. Filatov A. V., Yakimov A. V. Probiotic complex LiquaFid for rearing pigs. Svinovodstvo. 2021;(4):32–34. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.37925/0039-713X-2021-4-32-34

6. Artuzo-Ponte V. Post-weaning diarrhea in piglets: a new era in problem solving. Kombikorma. 2018;(4):73. (In Russ.).

7. Kosta M. Untangling the microbiota and pig farming – why haven't we achieved this yet? Part 1. Professional Pig Community. 2022. URL: https://www.pig333.com/articles/current-limitations-to-studying-the-pig-microbiota_18191/ (accessed: 05.12.2024).

8. Yang Q. L., Huang X. Y., Zhao S. G., Sun W. Y., Yan Z. Q., Wang P. F., et al. B Structure and Function of the Fecal Microbiota in Diarrheic Neonatal Piglets. Frontiers of Microbiology. 2017;8:502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00502

9. Lorengel T. I., Shabanova E. O. Entrobiocenosis of piglets with diarrhea symptom complex. Vestnik Omskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Omsk SAU. 2022;(2(46)):115–121. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.48136/2222-0364_2022_2_115

10. Scher J. U., Sczesnak A., Longman R. S., Segata N., Ubeda C., Bielski C., et al. Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis. Elife. 2013;2:e01202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01202

11. Li X. Q., Zhu Y. H., Zhang H. F., Yue Y., Cai Z. X., Lu Q. P., et al. Risks associated with high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus in an Escherichia coli model of piglet diarrhoea: intestinal microbiota and immune imbalances. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e40666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040666

12. Mann E., Schmitz-Esser S., Zebeli Q., Wagner M., Ritzmann M., Metzler-Zebeli B. U. Mucosa-associated bacterial microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract of weaned pigs and dynamics linked to dietary calcium-phosphorus. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e86950. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086950

13. Costa M. C., Arroyo L. G., Allen-Vercoe E., Stämpfli H. R., Kim P. T., Sturgeon A., Weese J. S. Comparison of the fecal microbiota of healthy horses and horses with colitis by high throughput sequencing of the V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e41484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041484

14. Hermann-Bank M. L., Skovgaard K., Stockmarr A., Strube M. L., Larsen N., Kongsted H., et al. Characterization of the bacterial gut microbiota of piglets suffering from new neonatal porcine diarrhoea. BMC Veterinary Research. 2015;11:139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0419-4

15. Jonach B., Boye M., Stockmarr A., Jensen T. K. Fluorescence in situ hybridization investigation of potentially pathogenic bacteria involved in neonatal porcine diarrhea. BMC Veterinary Research. 2014;10:68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-10-68

16. Nosho K., Sukawa Y., Adachi Y., Ito M., Mitsuhashi K., Kurihara H., et al. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016;22(2):557–566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.557

17. Wei Z., Cao S., Liu S., Yao Z., Sun T., Li Y., et al. Could gut microbiota serve as prognostic biomarker associated with colorectal cancer patients’ survival? A pilot study on relevant mechanism. Oncotarget. 2016;7(29):46158–46172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10064