The reaction of winter bread wheat cultivars to the stress effects of biotic and abiotic environmental factors

The purpose of the research is to study the degree of resistance of winter bread wheat cultivars to osmotic, salt and anaerobic stresses at the initial stages of plant growth for the selection of breeding valuable forms, to analyze the degree of resistance of cultivars to biotic stresses (development of diseases on seeds and vegetative plants) and to evaluate the relationship of growth parameters and adaptability with yield and productivity elements. The objects of the research were 11 cultivars and lines of winter soft wheat bred by the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka”. The studies were carried out in laboratory conditions on the backgrounds of artificially simulated abiotic stresses on the 7-day-old seedlings using the roll culture method and in field experiments. The cultivars with the widest possible response rate to the toxic effects of the studied stressors, with the highest activation of growth processes and resistance to diseases were identified. The quantitative and qualitative composition of pathogens and patterns of changes in the phytosanitary status of seeds and germination depending on environmental conditions for the period of 1998–2023 have been determined. The level of correlation between the studied traits was investigated, the degree of influence of growth processes and adaptivity to stress on yield, weight of 1000 seeds and productivity elements was determined, and the important role of root system activation in the formation of these indicators was shown (r = 0.45–0.71). It was noted that in the initial period of plant growth, the relationship between stress resistance (drought and salt resistance index) and productivity elements (1000 seeds, grain weight per ear and the number of grains per ear) was negative (r = -0.41...-0.63). According to the totality of the studied characteristics there have been identified the culltivars ‘Moskovskaya 74’, ‘Moskovskaya 39’, ‘Moskovskaya 40’, ‘Moskovskaya 56’ and ‘Vasilyevna’ which occupy the 1st to 5th place in the rating of competitive advantage and are able to withstand stressful abiotic and biotic environmental factors both in laboratory simulated conditions and in the field.

1. Butkovskaya L. K., Kuzmin D. N., Ageeva G. M. Evaluation of the yield properties of spring wheat by the parameters of sprouts' organs under the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK = Achievements of Science and Technology of AICis. 2019;33(7):37–40. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24411/0235-2451-2019-10709

2. Khalid M., Gul A., Amir R., Ali M., Afzal F., Quraishi U. et al. QTL mapping for seedling morphology under drought stress in wheat cross synthetic (W7984) / Opata. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization. 2018;16(4):359–366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479262118000023

3. Bisharev A. A., Shevchenko S. N., Madyakin E. V., Kalyakulina I. A., Dyuldina M. A, Dvortsova T. V. The influence of agrometeorological conditions on grain yield of spring barley in the conditions of middle Volga region. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiyskoy akademii nauk = Izvestia of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2018;20(2-4):667–670. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=37313255

4. Ionova E. V. Resistance of winter wheat varieties and lines to water and temperature stresses. Zernovoe khozyaystvo Rossii = Grain Economy of Russia. 2011;(3):19–26. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17039181

5. Melnikova T. V. Assessment of the collection material of winter soft wheat of various ecological and geographical origin in terms of resistance to overwintering and diseases. Vestnik Belorusskoy gosudarstvennoy sel'skokhozyaystvennoy akademii = Bulletin of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy. 2023;(1):88–92. (In Belarus). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=50394961

6. Eroshenko L. M., Marchenkova L. A., Pavlova O. V., Chavdar R. F., Orlova T. G., Dedushev I. A. Varietal characteristics of spring barley plants in terms of resistance to abiotic stress factors against the background of different levels of nitrogen nutrition. Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agrarian Russia. 2022;(1):8–12. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2022-1-8-12

7. Sandukhadze B. I., Marchenkova L. A., Mamedov R. Z., Pavlova O. V., Bugrova V. V., Krakhmaleva M. S. et al. Characteristics of winter wheat varieties and lines according to morphophysiological parameters. Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agrarian Russia. 2023;(4):15–20. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2023-4-15-20

8. Eroshenko L. M., Marchenkova L. A., Pavlova O. V., Romakhina V. V., Chavdar R. F., Orlova T. G. et al. Features of morphometric indicators and adaptability of spring barley collection samples to stress factors at the initial stages of plant growth. Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agrarian Russia. 2024;(10):7–11. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2024-10-7-12

9. Bome N. A., Kolokolova N. N., Belozerova A. A., Voronova N. S., Bome A. Ya., Ieronova V. V. Stability of grades of grain crops to stressful factors. Uspekhi sovremennogo estestvoznaniya. 2006;(4):28a. (In Russ.).

10. Kozhushko N. N. Assessment of drought resistance of field crops. Diagnostics of plant resistance to stress: methodical guidance. Leningrad: VIR, 1988. pp. 10–24.

11. Semushkina L. A., Khazova G. V., Udovenko G. V. The use of analysis of changes in growth processes for the diagnosis of salt resistance of plants. Methods for assessing plant resistance to adverse environmental factors. Leningrad: «Kolos», 1976. pp. 238–343.

12. Beletskaya E. K., Ostaplyuk E. D. Assessment of the resistance of winter crops to soaking and ice crust. Diagnostics of plant resistance to stress: methodical guidance. Leningrad, 1988. pp. 182–186.

13. Sandukhadze B. I., Marchenkova L. A., Rybakova M. I., Voeykova A. A., Chavdar R. F. Winter wheat varieties reaction to artificial stresses for estimation of it adaptation at early stages of onthogenesis. Agrokhimicheskiy vestnik = Agrochemical Herald. 2015;(3):27–31. (In Russ.). URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=23687377

14. Eroshenko L. M., Marchenkova L. A., Pavlova O. V., Chavdar R. F., Orlova T. G., Romakhina V. V. Features of morphophysiological signs of seeds and organs of seedlings of spring barley varieties selected by FRC "Nemchinovka". Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agrarian Russia. 2023;(10):3–7. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2023-10-3-7

15. Zhivotkov L. A., Morozova Ya. A., Sekatueva L. I. Methodology for identifying the potential productivity and adaptability of winter wheat cultivars and breeding forms based on the "productivity" indicator. Selektsiya i semenovodstvo. 1994;(2):3–6. (In Russ.).

16. Efremova T. T., Chumanova E. V. Stages of growth and development of wheat and their importance in the formation of productivity elements. Pis'ma v Vavilovskiy zhurnal genetiki i selektsii = Letters to the Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2023;9(2):54–80. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18699/LettersVJ-2023-9-09

17. Saari E. E., Prescott J. M. A scale for appraising the foliar intensity of wheat diseases. Plant Disease Report. 1975;59:377–380.

18. Ponomareva M. L., Ponomarev S. N., Yakupova G. G., Mannapova G. S. Yield losses of winter rye from the complex of fungal diseases. Vladimirskiy zemledelets = Vladimir agricolist. 2011;(2(56)):22–26. (In Russ.). URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=16951310

19. Pavlova O. V., Marchenkova L. A., Chavdar R. F., Orlova T. G., Savoskina O. A. Assessment of grain crops on seed quality and resistance to unfavourable conditions. Vladimirskiy zemledelets = Vladimir agricolist. 2021;(2):52–57. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2225-2584-2021-2-52-57

20. Gagkaeva T. Yu., Gavrilova O. P., Levitin M. M., Novozhilov K. V. Fuzarioz zernovykh kul'tur. Zashchita i karantin rasteniy. 2011;(S5):69–120. (In Russ.). URL: http://z-i-k-r.ru/interest/fuzarioz.pdf