Development of technology and manufacturing of an import-substituting complex of machines for cultivating crops

A variety of topography, climate, vegetation and soil of the Southern Urals indicates the need to choose the technology and complex of machines for cultivating crops in accordance with the conditions of the zone and economy. Analysis of existing crop cultivation technologies showed the need for their improvement. To ensure the possibility of changing the methods of soil cultivation and sowing depending on soil and climatic conditions, the cultivated crop and the place of culture in crop rotation, a universal technology is proposed, which provides for the need to create conditions for growth and development of plants based on accumulation and economical use of moisture with application of working bodies and a complex of tillage and sowing machines appropriate to the conditions of the zone. The types of working bodies for basic, additional and presowing tillage and sowing of agricultural crops by various methods are substantiated. The degree of universalization of combined machines for farms with different areas of arable land is established. For small farms with arable land up to 1200 ha, one universal machine with replaceable working bodies or modules is needed to perform primary, secondary and pre-sowing tillage and sowing. For medium-sized farms with arable land up to 10 thousand hectares, separate universal machines with replaceable working bodies are needed for primary tillage, with replaceable modules for additional tillage, and tillage sowing machines with replaceable modules with different types of working bodies are necessary for pre-sowing tillage and sowing. For large farms with arable land area of over 10 thousand hectares it is necessary to use combined single-purpose machines. Based on the previously conducted studies, using the obtained mathematical models and agrotechnical requirements for developing new machines, calculations were carried out and the design parameters of machine complex for tractors of 1.4...5 traction class were substantiated. They were produced by LLC Chelyabinsk Compressor Plant and Varnaagromash LLC with various degrees of universalization The complex of machines for cultivating agricultural crops developed and produced at these plants for various types of farms makes it possible to fulfil all the elements of the proposed technology adopted in the zone in accordance with the agrotechnical requirements as well as soil and climatic conditions of the zone.

soil and climatic conditions, tillage methods, sowing, working bodies, design, metal consumption, traction resistance, productivity

1. Kozachenko A. P. Sostoyanie, pochvenno-ekologicheskaya otsenka i protsessy reabilitatsii i ispol'zovaniya zemel' sel'skokhozyaystvennogo naznacheniya Chelyabinskoy oblasti na osnove adaptivno-landshaftnoy sistemy zemledeliya: monografiya. [The state, soil and environmental assessment and the processes of rehabilitation and use of agricultural land in the Chelyabinsk region on the basis of the adaptive landscape farming system: monograph]. Chelyabinsk, 2004. 380 p.

2. Mal'tsev T. S. Sistema bezotval'nogo zemledeliya. [System of subsurface farming]. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1988. 126 p.

3. Pochvozashchitnoe zemledelie. [Conservation agriculture]. Pod obshch. red. A. I. Baraeva. Moscow: Kolos, 1975. 304 p.

4. Zybalov V. S., Dobrovol'skiy I. P., Rakhimov R. S., Khlyzov N. T., Kapkaev Yu. Sh. Ratsional'noe ispol'zovanie zemel' sel'skokhozyaystvennogo naznacheniya Chelyabinskoy oblasti: monografiya. [Rational use of agricultural land in the Chelyabinsk region: monograph]. Chelyabinsk, 2016. 266 p.

5. Zybalov V. S., Dobrovol'skiy I. P., Khlyzov N. T., Rakhimov I. R., Barkhatov V. I. Upravlenie plodorodiem pochv Chelyabinskoy oblasti: monografiya. [Soil fertility management in the Chelyabinsk region: monograph]. Chelyabinsk, 2018. 193 p.

6. Vlagoakkumuliruyushchie tekhnologii, tekhnika dlya obrabotki pochv i ispol'zovanie mineral'nykh udobreniy v ekstremal'nykh usloviyakh: nauch. izd. FANO Rossii, VIM, VNIMS. [Moisture-accumulating technologies, equipment for soil treatment and the use of mineral fertilizers in extreme conditions: scientific. ed. FANO Russia, VIM, VNIMS]. Nauch.-metod. ruk. A. Yu. Izmaylov, N. T. Sorkin. Ryazan': VNIMS, 2014. 245 p.

7. Trufanov V. V. Glubokoe chizelevanie pochvy. [Deep chisel tillage of soil]. VASKhNIL. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1989. 139 p.

8. Zhuk A. F. Pochvovlagosberegayushchie agropriemy, tekhnologii i kombinirovannye mashiny. [Soil-moisturesaving agricultural practices, technologies and combined machines]. Moscow: Rosinformagrotekh, 2012. 143 p.

9. Mazitov N. K. Resursosberegayushchie pochvoobrabatyvayushchie mashiny. [Resource-saving tillage machines]. Kazan', 2003. 456 p.

10. Okunev G. A., Rakhimov R. S. Sovershenstvovanie i razvitie tekhnologii i tekhnicheskogo osnashcheniya zernovogo proizvodstva tselinnykh rayonov SNG. [Improvement and development of technology and technical equipment for grain production of virgin regions of the CIS]. Agrotekhnicheskaya nauka sel'skokhozyaystvennomu proizvodstvu: sb. trudov. [Agrotechnical science of agricultural production: Collected papers.]. Kostanay, 2012. pp. 31-37.

11. Lur'e A. B., Lyubimov A. I. Shirokozakhvatnye pochvoobrabaty-vayushchie mashiny. [Wide-spread tillage machines]. Leningrad: Mashinostroenie - Leningr. otd-nie, 1981. 270 p.

12. Mazitov N. K. Rossiyskaya tekhnika i tekhnologiya proizvodstva produktsii zdorovogo zhizne-obespecheniya. [Russian equipment and technology for the production of healthy life support products]. Moscow: OOO «Sam Poligrafist», 2019. 260 p.

13. Rakhimov R. S., Konovalov V. N., Rakhimov I. R., Yalaletdinov D. A. Razrabotka i proizvodstvo kompleksa mashin dlya vozdelyvaniya sel'skokhozyaystvennykh kul'tur v ostrozasushlivykh usloviyakh. [Development and production of a complex of machines for cultivating agricultural crops in extremely arid conditions]. Tekhnologii i sredstva mekhanizatsii v APK: mat-ly Mezhdunar. nauchn.-prakt. konf. Instituta agroinzhenerii, posvyashch.80-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya V. V. Blednykh. [Technology and means of mechanization in the agricultural sector: Proceedings of the International scientific and practical Conference of the Institute of Agroengineering]. Troitsk: Yuzhno-Ural'skiy GAU, 2018. pp.148-155.

14. Safin Kh. M., Fakhrislamov R. S., Shvarts L. S., Davletshin F. M., Mudarisov S. G., Rakhimov Z. S., Ayupov D. S., Umetbaev A. Sh. Agrotekhnicheskie osobennosti ispol'zovaniya Strip-till  tekhnologii v rastenievodstve (rekomendatsiya proizvodstvu). [Agrotechnical features of the use of Strip-till  technology in crop production (production recommendation)]. Ufa: Mir pechati, 2017. 44 p. URL: https://apkrb.info/sites/default/files/doc/ pdf/agrotehnicheskieosobennostiispolzovaniyastrip-till.pdf

15. No-till – shag k ideal'nomu zemledeliyu. [No-till  a step towards perfect farming]. Pod red. B. Baturina. Kiev: izd-vo «Zerno», 2007. 128 p.

16. Mazitov N. K., Sakhanov R. L., Shogenov Yu. Kh., Sharafeev L. Z., Tsench Yu. S., Rakhimov I. R. Konkurentosposobnyy kompleks tekhniki i tekhnologii dlya proizvodstva zerna i kormov. [Competitive complex of machinery and technologies for the production of grain and feed]. Agrarnaya nauka Evro-Severo-Vostoka = Agricultural Science Euro-North-East. 2019;20(3):299-308. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30766/2072- 9081.2019.20.3.299-308