Биосинтез наночастиц металлов и оксидов металлов и их использование в качестве компонентов удобрений и препаратов для растениеводства (обзор литературы)

Перспективным направлением в сельском хозяйстве является использование наночастиц металлов в качестве наноудобрений, которые позволяют повысить урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур и при этом минимизировать частоту применения удобрений за счет долгосрочного высвобождения питательных веществ. Одним из наиболее безопасных с экологической точки зрения и дешевых способов синтеза наночастиц металлов является биосинтез с использованием растительных экстрактов. В процессе окислительно-восстановительной реакции белки, углеводы, органические кислоты, фенолы и другие метаболиты способны передавать электроны катионам металлов, восстанавливая их заряд до нулевого в нанометровом масштабе. В данной статье на основе публикаций по изучаемому вопросу исследователей из Соединенных Штатов Америки, стран Европы и Ближнего Востока, Китая и Индии описан биосинтез наночастиц оксида цинка, меди и оксида меди, железа и оксида железа, а также марганца и оксида марганца с использованием растительных экстрактов, и представлены данные по использованию указанных металлов и их оксидов в качестве наноудобрений и препаратов для растениеводства. Показано, что использование наночастиц металлов и их оксидов в качестве удобрений более эффективно по сравнению с обычными соединениями, используемыми в качестве удобрений. Вероятно, это связано с тем, что наночастицам легче проникнуть через растительную мембрану, а также перейти в доступную для растений форму по сравнению с обычными аналогами. Положительный эффект влияния наночастиц на растения выражен в удлинении корней и побегов модельных растений и увеличении биомассы проростков. Кроме того, в листьях увеличивается количество хлорофилла, а также изменяются некоторые биохимические процессы, например, увеличивается количество антиоксидантных ферментов, что позволяет повысить стрессоустойчивость растений.

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