The influence of agronomic factors on the productivity of emmer wheat in the conditions of the North-West of the Russian Federation

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of the main agricultural practices on the productivity, morphological characteristics, removal and balance of mineral nutrition elements of the Pskovityanka emmer wheat cultivar for the development of cultivation technology and subsequent introduction into agricultural production in the region. The studies were conducted in 2019–2023 in the conditions of the Pskov region. The field experiment studied the levels of mineral nutrition (without fertilizers, N60P60K60, N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀, N₁₂₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀), seeding rates (4, 5 and 6 million viable seeds/ha) and sowing dates (first and second ten days of May). On average, over the years of research, the emmer wheat grain yield was obtained at the level of 2.2 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ ensured the growth of grain productivity in comparison with the control variant at seeding rates of 5 and 6 million seeds/ha by 0.15 and 0.3 t/ha, respectively. Increasing the fertilizer dose to N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ contributed to obtaining an increase in the control of 0.33-0.34 t/ha of grain at seeding rates of 6 and 5 million pcs/ha, respectively. Decrease in yield at the norm of 6 million pcs/ha was due to the development of a smaller number of productive stems. The application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N₁₂₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀ was ineffective, the grain yield was obtained at the level of the variant with N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀. The yield of the emmer wheat straw was from 3.22 to 3.47 t/ha. Analysis of plant samples shows that nitrogen and potassium accumulate in grain to a greater extent, phosphorus to a lesser extent. Emmer wheat straw contains the most potassium, nitrogen has an intermediate value, phosphorus is accumulated the least. On average, over the years of the research it has been established that when cultivating emmer wheat, from 65–72 kg of nitrogen, 27–28 kg of phosphorus, and 82–85 kg of potassium are removed with the yield from 1 ha with the control crop. Only when applying a dose of mineral fertilizers N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ the need of emmer wheat for nitrogen and potassium is fully covered, the removal of phosphorus with the yield is compensated by smaller doses in the N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ variant.

1. Smekalova T. N., Kobylyanskiy V. D. Some aspects of the taxonomy of naked emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl). Bread of the future: genomics, genetics, breeding: collection of articles. International Conference FITZ All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N. I. Vavilov. Saint-Petersburg: VIR, 2019. p. 125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30901/978-5-905954-99-3

2. Tarasova L. V., Rendov N. A., Frizen Yu. V., Mozyleva S. I. Production efficiency of farro under the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Vestnik Omskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Omsk SAU. 2019;(4(36)):75–81. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41801669

3. Bets Yu. A., Pankrashkina I. V. Quality and nutritional value of composite mixtures including spelt wheat. Polzunovskiy vestnik. 2021;(3):155–162. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=46689784

4. Zverev S. V., Politukha O. V., Starichenkov A. A., Abramov P. S. Emmer wheat and spelt – back to basics. Khranenie i pererabotka zerna. 2015;(6-7(194)):48–50. (In Russ.).

5. Osokіna N. M., Lyubich V. V., Novіkov V. V., Leshchenko І. A. Biochemical composition of emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl) grain depending on the variety. Agrobіologіya. 2020;(1(157)):111–119. (In Ukraine). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43808199

6. Khmeleva E. V. Spelt grain use in the technology of grain bread of increased nutritional value. Industriya pitaniya = Food Industry. 2023;8(1):64–73. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=50400182

7. Khmeleva E. V., Korolev D. N., Penkova Yu. V., Khmelev A. S. Chemical composition and baking properties of emmer wheat grain flour (Triticum dicoccum). The role of young scientists in the innovative development of agriculture: Proceedings of the International Scientific-practical conf. Orel: izd-vo GNU VNII zernobobovykh I krupyanykh kul'tur RASKhN, 2019. pp. 162–166. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41522837

8. Haliniarz M., Gawęda D., Chojnacka S., Łukasz J., Nowakowicz-Dębek B., Wlazło Ł., Najda A., RóżańskaBoczula M. Evaluation of the weed infestation, grain health, and productivity parameters of two spelt wheat cultivars depending on crop protection intensification and seeding densities. Agriculture. 2020;10(6):229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060229

9. Engovatova I. V., Shestakova E. O., Storchak I. G., Eroshenko F. V. Influence of agricultural technology elements on nitrogen nutrition of winter wheat. Agrarnyy nauchnyy zhurnal = The Agrarian Scientific Journal. 2020;(12):55–58. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i12pp55-58

10. Pogodina A. V., Gabbasov I. I., Safiollin F. N., Lukmanov A. A., Minnullin G. S. Comparative evaluation of the reaction of different varieties of spelled to the introduction of designed norms of mineral fertilizers in the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of the Kazan State Agrarian University. 2023;18(2(70)):31–36. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-31-36

11. Zverev S. V., Pankrat'eva I. A., Politukha O. V., Chirkova L. V., Vitol I. S., Starichenkov A. A. Investigation of the properties of emmer wheat. Khleboprodukty. 2016;(1):66–67. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25099412

12. Temirbekova S. K., Begeulov M. Sh., Afanaseva Yu. V., Kulikov I. M., Ionova N. E. Adaptive capacity of einkorn huskless in the second, third and seventh Russian Federation regions. Vestnik rossiyskoy sel'skokhozyaystvennoy nauki = Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2020;(1):34–38. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30850/vrsn/2020/1/34-38

13. Agapkin A. M. Features of nutritional value, assortment and rationing of the quality of wheat cereals (couscous, emmer wheat, bulgur, frike). Innovatsionnaya nauka. 2021;(3):48–51. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44803309