Вариация числа копий (CNV) как перспективный генетический маркер: распространение, методы валидации и гены-кандидаты в геномах сельскохозяйственных животных (обзор)

Вариация числа копий (CNV) – это повторяющиеся участки генома, размером от одной тысячи до нескольких миллионов пар оснований, варьирующиеся между особями в популяции. Благодаря большему покрытию генома по сравнению с SNP-маркерами, CNV является важным источником генетической изменчивости и рассматривается в настоящее время как альтернативный тип ДНК-маркеров. Основное внимание уделяется идентификации регионов CNV (CNVR), перекрывающихся с генами и локусами количественных признаков (QTL) в геномах сельскохозяйственных животных. В обзоре обобщены и проанализированы результаты исследований по CNV у различных видов сельскохозяйственных животных, включая идентификацию генов-кандидатов, локусы которых перекрываются с областями CNV, а также дана краткая характеристика методических подходов для изучения вариации числа копий. У крупного рогатого скота было идентифицировано от 51 до 1265 CNVR с долей покрытия генома от 0,5 до 20 %, у свиней – 565 CNVR и 5,84 %, у коз – 978 CNVR и 8,96 %, у овец – 3488 CNVR и 2,7 %, соответственно. Локусы функциональных генов-кандидатов, связанных с экономически-значимыми признаками, перекрывались с CNVR у всех видов сельскохозяйственных животных. Были идентифицированы гены, ассоциированные с показателями роста и развития (MYH3 и GBP4 у крупного рогатого скота; ANP32B, GYS1 и CAV1 у свиней; MYLK4 у коз; SHE, BAG4, PIGY и ORMDL1 у овец), влияющие на репродуктивные признаки и плодовитость (PRP1 и PRP6 у коз, PRLR у крупного рогатого скота, PTGS1 у овец), связанные с мясной продуктивностью (KDM5B, ADAM8 и SHH у коз), ответственные за различные фенотипы окраски кожи или шерсти (KIT у свиней; ASIP, AHCY и ITCH у овец и коз) и вовлечённые в регуляцию обменных процессов (PPARA, RXRA, ADD1, FASN и PPP1CA у овец). Анализ мирового опыта продемонстрировал, что идентифицированные CNV могут быть предложены как потенциальные кандидаты для селекции по экономически значимым признакам у сельскохозяйственных животных.

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