The analysis of a condition and use of genetic resources is done. The general gene pool of the crops kept at institutes of Russia constitutes 370 thousand samples. On the basis of a gene pool 260-350 grades and hybrids of agricultural and medicinal cultures with high rates of product quality, steady against abiotic and biotic stresses were created in the country with modern genetic and selection methods, including biotechnological with use of molecular and genetic marking. All this work is carried out in 42 breeding centers of Russia. Successful breeding activity is done in centers for grain crops in the Krasnodar’s SRIA, All-Russian Research Institute of grain crops, SRIA S.E., WSRIA, the Volga region SRIA, SRIA of Northern Trans-Urals; for garden crops on All-Russian SITGN Joint, project company of the All-Russian Research Institute, SKZNIISIV; for fodder crops (SRIA All-Russian Research Institute of forages, the All-Russian Research Institute of rape). In the Krasnodar SRIA more than 100 grades of highly effective grades of winter wheat are created. For creation of a grade it is spent 6.8-8.9 million rubles here, and economic effect of cultivation of a grade makes more than 4 billion rubles. In the Moscow breeding center the academician Sandukhadze B.I. creates varieties of winter wheat with productivity of 8-11 tons/hectare for a black earth zone of Russia where earlier fodder grain was grown up. In Russia 77 varieties of winter rye are cultivated. Scientists of the Moscow SRIA, ZNIISH NE, Bashkir SRIA, SRIA SE, as all-Russian Institute of plant and others successfully work with a gene pool of rye. In SRIA NE, SibNII of forages and the Ural NIISH the highly productive varieties of oats resistant against drowning, fall and diseases are received. Scientists of gardening and vegetable growing with use of modern methods of selection created varieties, highly productive with high qualitative indexes, and hybrids. 128 species (8 thousand hybrids) of vegetable - melon cultures are brought in the State Registry of agricultural achievements. For a humid zone of Russia 139 varieties of a clover with high quality and productivity are created. In All-Russian research Institute of medicinal and aromatic plants the gene pool of herbs is kept and studied (1272 species in the Botanical garden and 273 species of tropical flora in greenhouses)

Particularly acute is a problem of supplying the population of our country with fruit and berry production. Gardening does not satisfy the needs of the population in this product. The ratio of imported products is account for 73%. In the circumstances, it is important to ensure food security, which plays an important role in import substitution. Modern state and tendencies of development of gardening, its placement on the Federal districts, economic efficiency of production of fruits and berries is analysed in the article. There is a tendency of reduction of the area of plantations with a slight increase in the volume of production of fruit and berry goods, decreasing state support, the concentration of gardening in the households. The achieved level of profitability does not provide the expanded reproduction in the industry. It justifies main directions of increasing the production of fruit and berry goods in the regions of industrial and risky horticulture. The solution of this problem will contribute to the concentration of horticulture in specialised enterprises farms; transforming industry on the innovative path of development; increasing productivity of existing orchards and berry fields on the intensification of production; increase the gross harvest of fruit in the result of the establishment of new intensive orchards; the sustainable use of farmed products, reduction of losses at the stages of production, storage, processing, transportation and sales as a result of development of agroindustrial integration; increasing marketability of horticulture in households through the establishment of consumer cooperatives; improvement and increase of the state support of the industry.

Lotus corniculatus - valuable bean fodder crop, the main advantages of which are its long life, high resistance to trampling, nutritional value, the ability to grow on acidic soils. However, the spread of a lotus on the territory of the Udmurt Republic is restrained due to the complexity of its seed production, which is due to the biological characteristics of this culture (weak resistance to shading, high pod shatter, small seeds). Researches to identify the best cover crop, method of sowing and seeding rates were conducted in Udmurt Agricultural Research Institute in 2010-2015 in order to develop technology of cultivation of a Lotus corniculatus for seeds. On average for three years use the seed production of a Lotus corniculatus was 144-373 kg / ha. The level of variation of seeds productivity a lotus an average by experience in the years of accounting was high (V = 58%). A significant increase the gathering of seeds was obtained at sowing a lotus without cover and under the cover of winter wheat, ordinary row seeding way, with a seeding rate of 8-9 mln. seeds / ha. Formation of a high seed yields in distinguished variants occurred due to a larger number of stems to harvest (497-545 pcs. / m²), little beans on 1 stalk (10.0-12.3 pcs.), seeds in 1 little bean (13.3-14.1 pcs.). On average during the years of studies laboratory germination of the obtained seeds was 64-70%, content of solid seeds - 30-36%, mass of 1000 seeds was in the range 1.04-1.13 g.

Deficiency of vegetative protein in agricultural production can be overcome by grain legumes cultivation; in this way the pea culture is especially perspective. The main disadvantage of the latter in comparison with cereals is strong susceptibility to unfavorable factors of a season that limits its yield. In 2011-2015, investigations have been carried out on the base of the Nizhegorodsky Research Institute of Agriculture of how water regime affects yield and its quality of the pea cultivars bred in Russia and abroad. The Selaninov’s hydrothermic coefficient, the Shashko’s moisturization index, and the Protserov’s water supply coefficient were used to estimate water regime. Under the long-lasting water stress, pea plants decreased in their height (1.5-2 times), forming lower yield of vegetative mass and grain (3-3.5 times) with reduced protein content in seeds (by 2.6%). There was recommended the aggregate Protserov’s coefficient as an index of weather affecting pea plants. This index strongly correlates with yield of grain (r = 0.69…0.89), of green mass (r = 0.91…0.96) and also with plant height (r = 0.87…0.99); middle relationship was found between the aggregate Protserov’s coefficient and protein content in seeds. Differences were noticed in productivity of leafy and leafless morphotypes of pea: leafy cultivars gave greater yield both in common years (by 100 g/m² and more) and under drought (by 20 g/m²), with shattering-type varieties being more high-yielding than nonshattering-type ones. Food leafy cultivars of pea were more productive in all the years of the investigation and perspective for cultivating in Non-blacksoil zone of Russia.

The article presents the analysis of the grass cultivation and development prospects of seed production of perennial grasses in Russia, the Volga-Vyatka region and the Udmurt Republic. It is identified negative trends in the use of perennial grasses, primarily legume species, for the production of quality voluminous feed. Potential need of the country and the Udmurt Republic in the required quantities of seed of different categories of major grass species to grass cultivation and maintenance of seed for the purpose of successful development of the field and meadow fodder production, and landscape gardening. In the structure of perennial grasses in Udmurtia, the main crop is red clover (51% of the total area of perennial grasses). It is shown that a significant role in solving the problem of increasing and stabilizing the yield of clover seed plays the selection and production of a set of varieties with different earliness. For sustainable seed production of red clover in Russia it is necessary to have in the structure of areas of seed crops, the volume of the medium and early maturing varieties, respectively, 20 and 30-40%.In recent years, the proportion of early maturing and mid-season varieties of clover in the total structure in the Republic has reached 58 %. Have figured out that the number of seeds of red clover is currently grown by households for own needs. Marketability of seed production of this crop is low, 8-10 %. In Udmurtia, the most common crops alfalfa (more than 20% of the total acreage of perennial grasses). The annual demand for seeds of this crop is about 350-400 tons, and on prospect up to 500 T.

Aim of the work - to study influence of closed potters drainage on regime of ground waters' level and humidity of sandy soils; estimation of dynamics of producing moisture storage in 1 meter soil layer in different lands. Observation on ground water level (GWL) was conducted with data holes placed 2.0…2.3 m deeps in the middle of a line between interceptors. Soil humidity was estimated by weight method till 1 m deep in 10 cm layers. Drainage flow was detected in data holes with volume method. Perennial variation (1983-2014 gg.) in GWL was governed with climatic factors mainly with dynamics of atmospheric precipitations. During seasonal variation there were spring and autumn rising, summer and winter recessions of the GWL. Till winter it was on the depth more than 1 meter but in spring rises up to plough-layer for a little time. In humid years GWL of growth season was changed within 84…100 cm, in arid years - within 149…174 cm, and in average years - within 116…128 cm. Possibility of rising of perched groundwater into plough-layer is about five times every 20 years. It was some higher in lowering sites than in slopes or plain Arable land has higher GWL than forest. Humidity of drained soil varies within broad limits - from full moisture capacity in early spring, fall and at intensive precipitations till wilting humidity in arid periods. Soil humidity was close to optimal one in humid and average humid years. Water supply of cultivated plants was governed with amount of precipitation. Increase in humidity along with soil depth was pointed out in timothy field. The highest level of humidity was in layers 60…80 and 80…100 cm in all periods of observation. Water storages reset in October-November and in period of spring melting of snow. At these times they exceed field moisture capacity. Forest soil humidity is much lower than arable soil humidity under perennial grasses and in pure fallow land.

The effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers and chelated micronutrient fertilizers Mikrovit on varieties of Udacha and Snegir’ was studied in technology of potato cultivation of early ripening group. The study was carried out in 2012-2014 in the leached medium loamy Chernozem. Monitoring the phenology of potato varieties for early maturity group showed that the duration of interphase periods of growth and development of plants in the first half of the growing season are not dependent on fertilization. In the period from the phase of budding prior to the death of foliage with increasing doses of mineral fertilizers the duration of the growing season has lengthened on average by grades 9-13 days. The average for study without the use of mineral fertilizers the harvest of potato tubers was 12.6 t/ha, the input of N90P90K90 - to 18.6 t/ha, N120P120K120 - 21.2 MT/ha. Variety of potato Udacha is more sensitive for fertilizing (the average increase in yield of tubers, 8.4 t/ha), Snegir’ - slightly lower (average increase of 6.2 t/ha). On average for experiment regardless of the variety, the marketability of potatoes amounted to 74-94%. It is established that processing of tubers micronutrients contributed to increase mortality by 5 %, spraying of vegetating plants on 4-15 %. Maximum potato yield, early maturity varieties of Udacha - 25.6 t/ha were formed with the integrated use of mineral fertilizers (N120P120K120) and preplant treatment of tubers chelate complex Microvit.

The oil industry is one of the most environmentally potentially dangerous sectors of the economy, as at all stages of the oil periodically arise emergency situations in which pollution occurs environment. The aim of our research - to study the effect of oil pollution on the number of microorganisms in peat soils of the Udmurt Republic, typifies the conditions of the Middle Urals. Research carried out in microfield experience. Soil - drained alluvial silt-humus-peat moderately. In an experiment to study the effect of different petroleum contamination levels (from 0 to 300 g / kg of peat) to change the size of the main groups of microorganisms: actinomycetes, microscopic fungi, bacteria ammonifitsiruyuischh and cellulose. It was found that the weak degree of oil pollution (5-20 g / kg of peat) stimulated the development of all investigated groups of microorganisms. A further increase in the level of pollution led to a decrease in their numbers. The most noticeable reduction of the indicator organisms for all groups was observed when the level of oil pollution peat of 50 g / kg. The most susceptible to pollutants studied were ammonifiers and cellulose-decomposing bacteria, the number of which oil at a dose of 50 g / kg, even after 15 months from the start of the experiment was not restored to their numbers in the control variant. The most stable proved to be a complex microscopic fungi, which number over 15 months of the experiment was restored (or exceed) to their numbers in control at all studied levels of pollution. Thus, the microbial community of peat soils of the Middle Urals has a sufficiently high potential for self-healing with oil concentration of less than 50 g / kg of peat. Higher levels of contamination require remediation activities. In developing the activities for reclamation of peat soils it should focus on the size and activity of microbial bacteria, in particular ammonifiers and cellulose.

The article presents the results of long-term observations of the changes in agrochemical properties of soils under different conditions of use. The studies and phase analysis showed that the replacement of intensive forms of agriculture in the indiscriminate use of the limited use of fertilizers leads to a change of trend in the dynamics of agrochemical properties of soils from positive to negative. In the absence of liming the most negative change in agrochemical properties associated with acidity of soil. And arable land, and fallow soil changes in the acidity of the soil are unidirectional. The dynamics of these changes are associated with the washing water regime and significant removal of calcium and magnesium with drainage runoff on drained lands. Drainage, in the absence of supporting liming may be the cause of the accelerated of the agrochemical degradation drained soil. In the transition drained land in fallow land degradation process of acid-base properties of soils at the working drainage does not stop. In the analysis of temporal changes in soil exchangeable potassium and available phosphorus content should take into account structural changes in cultivated area crops. Compare advisable to conduct than in single years, and for a group of years to eliminate the influence of weather factors on the objectivity of the conclusions of the dynamics of soil fertility. In the experiments the difference in exchangeable potassium content in the topsoil between wet and dry years was 26-69mg / kg, the content of available phosphorus - 29-73mg / kg. In rotation the lowest potassium content observed after perennial grasses and potatoes, the highest after winter rye and oats, available phosphorus was greater after perennial grasses and potatoes. The nature of the influence of perennial grasses on the content of exchangeable potassium and soil available phosphorus, to a large extent, can be explained by the effect of draining the soil under them in the summer.

During a stationary experiment (Perm Institute for Agrochemical Studies) in fifth rotation of an 8-field crop rotation after the 2^nd year clover we studied the agrochemical profile of sod-podzoil soil for the growing dosages of mineral fertilizers (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg of acting matter/ha). We have found that during a long term full fertilizer usage in crop rotation the main agrochemical parameters change in top layer of 0-40 cm. Increasing high dosages of fertilizers leads to soil acidation, mobile phosphorus saving in arable horizon up to 51.3 mg/100 g, and to fixation the initial humus content in variants N120Р120К120 and N150Р150К150. Profile humus distribution is decreasing, doesn’t depend on a long term experiment variants, it is common for sod-podzolic type of soil. On the l40-100 cm layer the humus composition changes weakly, it's around 0.5-0.6 %. The mobile phosphorus composition, exchangeable Ca and Mg cations is 1.5-2 times higher in depth horizons than in upper layer of 0-20 cm. Fractional humus composition is fulvate or humate fulvate, which is common for zonal genetic conditions of soil formation. Using mineral fertilizers leads to neogeic humic substances increase and expansion of relation С_ha: С_fa from 0.70 on controle to 0.98 on the variant of N₁₅₀Р₁₅₀К₁₅₀. Heavy granulometric content blocks humic acids migration lower than 40 cm. С_ha /С_fa relation in the layer lower than 40 cm varies from 0.24 up to 0.50. Fulvate acids (except for FA-1 fraction) were defined in all the layers of soil up to 100 cm.

Novaday problems of definition of toxoplasmosis on Crimea peninsula area are presented in the article. Monitoring studies of cats and sheeps are spent on existing of T. gondii agent in different sites of Crimea peninsula. Significant defeat of cats by T. gondii agent is established (21.8% of total studied cats). Homeless cats of cities’ populations had higher persent of toxoplasma invalion than animals of rural areas and consists 14.55%. Sheeps also had toxoplasmosis (average degree ofinvasion was 14.7%). Thus female animals had highest infection rate: invasion persent was 16.3%. Male animals had lower degree of toxoplasma invasion - 10.5% of sheeps had antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in their blood serum. Sixty persent of invasious animals belongs to oldest groups (sheeps of 2-4 years old), 40% of animals earlier than 1 year were infected. Investigated animsl species are potential sources of infectious for human that is proved by statistical analysis. According to the data of department of statistics of medicinal parasitology of sanitary-epizootological station of Crimea Republic it is detected significant level of distribution of T. gondii invasion among peninsula’s population. Average invasioness of peoples by toxoplasma in Crimea Republic in 2015 was 12.02%. Peoples of 7to 20 years old had 4.23% of invasion rate, older peoples (50-60 years old) - 31.04%. In group of pregnanted women antibodies to toxoplasma agent is revealed in 37.03% of human .

Bunker grain heap delivered from combine harvesters to postharvest processing items is a blend of full grain, weeds and harmful impurities, which include ergot sclerotia. Using air-sieve-indented machines, pneumatic sorting tables, sorter and other devices do not give positive results when cleaning the grain material from impurities ergot because of the proximity of their physical and mechanical properties. Selection of ergot sclerotia from seed on their specific weight may be done in salt solutions. To develop cleaning machine grain material from ergot sclerotia on the specific weight of the wet process and the implementation process with the proper performance studied for the preparation of salt solutions required density. The solubility in water of potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) allow to bring the mud density to 1162, 1203 and 1370 kg/m³, respectively, higher than the maximum specific gravity sclerotia ergot equal to 1150 kg/m³. The density of the aqueous solution of potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) is below the maximum specific gravity of ergot sclerotia, which limits the possibility of its use for the isolation of ergot. We obtain a graph of the mass of salt water volume 0.1...1.0 liters for the preparation of sodium chloride solution (of NaCl), calcium chloride (of CaCl₂) and potassium chloride (KCl), which are expressed by linear equations, suitable for practical use, allow quickly determine the required weight of the salt solution in the preparation of the required density by recalculating a multiple of the required volume of water.

In recent years the problem of food security is one of the most important global issues actively discussed by the world community. Increased attention to this issue is primarily due to a growing shortage of food. According to the International agricultural organisation (FAO), the number of hungry people on Earth currently is around 795 million, and that approximately one in ten people. In addition, a significant threat to global food security are of limited water resources, climate change, the growing influence of ecology on productivity, anthropogenic pollution, an increase in the production of transgenic crops etc. In this situation, the issues of ensuring global food security are key priorities of the common agricultural policy (cap) of the European Union. EAP in mno-GOM reflects the leading role of the EU in global food production and trade in agricultural products. Today, the EU accounts for 17% of world food exports; the European Union takes 2nd place as world exporter of dairy products and pork and 3rd place as an exporter of poultry and grain. The focus of modern agricultural policy of the EU is sustainable agricultural growth, food security and nutrition. The article considers the Russian practice and European experience in the field of food security. It is noted that there are both differences and similarities in the approaches of our country and the EU to address issues of food security. Like the EAC of the European Union, the national Doctrine of food security is complex and long-term, includes the key elements of the food and the foreign trade policy, state incentives and regulation of all complex of problems of food security.