The results of breeding work on the creation of high-yielding spring barley varieties that are resistant to increased content of aluminium ions in acidic sod-podzolic soils with use of regenerant lines RA 917-01, RA 780-04, RA 781-04 from original genotype 999-93 were presented. Seed progeny of regenerated plants in generations R₃ - R₇ were evaluated in laboratory and field experiments. In a roll culture it was showed an excess of root length index by 9.3 - 29% for the genotypes of regenerant origin compared with the standard and the initial variety. In field tests the advantage of all regenerant lines on the level of productivity and yield in drought conditions of 2010. The productive indicators of RA 780-04 and RA 917-01 were higher than in favourable 2009. Based on regenerant line RA 917-01 a new variety of spring barley Forward was created. The variety has high productivity, resistance to complex of abiotic and biotic stressors.Variety Forward is recommended for use in acidic sod-podzolic soils of the Volga-Vyatka region. In competitive varietal tests the yield of varieties was made up 6.17 t/ha that is on average 0.61 t/ha higher than the previous standard. During two years of state tests (since 2014) on the stations of the Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic Forward exceeded standard variety Dina by 0.16 t/ha at yield of 2.74 t/ha. Cultivation of the variety 'Forvard' allows to reduce cost price by 7.2-11% and to obtain net income 21.4 up to 33.7 thousand rubles/ha (in prices of 2015) in dependence of growing conditions.

Usage of genetic variability is one of the factors of successful breeding of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Main factors that limits barley productivity in Volga-Vyatka region are duration of growing season and its particular phases, low natural fertility and increased acidity of soils, spring-summer drought, as well as multiple diseases. Four hundred and thirteen collection numbers of different ecological-geographic origins were studied. For breeding work the most interesting were early accessions: Stimul, Acha, Bagan (Russia), Surpriz and Adapt (Ukraine) and other. There are accessions combined productivity and earliness - Dina, Andrey, Belogorsky 90 (Russia), Syabra (Belarus), Druvis, Malva (Latvia), Veslets (Bulgaria), Danuta (German), City (France), and Codac (Canada). Varieties Bionik, Omsky golozerny 1 (Russia), Gonar (Belarus), Malva, Druvis (Latvia), 23007 (Dutch), and Azure (USA) are lodging resistant. Varieties which have complex of valuable breeding trait (productivity, number of productive stems, grain mass per ear and per plant, 1000 grain mass) are: Zavetny, Natali (Russia), Yakub (Belarus), Rodos, Korona Lashego (poland), Jdumeja, Druvis (Latvia), Fillippa, Nue grosse (Sweden), Hja (Finland), 23007 (Dutch), City (France), and other. Varieties Tandem, Chelyabinsky 96, Chelyabinsky 99, Sonet (Russia), Firlbeks Union (Switzerland), Lamba (Dutch), Canasta (Great Britain), Buck (Canada), Bonita (Argentina), and other are resistant to osmotic stress; varieties Dobry, Novichok, Khlynovsky, Vikont, Partner, Priazovsky 9, Zernogradets 770, Signal, Rus', Luka (Russia), Dzivosny (Belarusь), Dzherelo (Ukraine), and other - are resistant to aluminum-acid stress. Varieties Petr, Lel', Munach (Russia), Sultan (Netherlands) have resistance to loose smut in artificial infectious background; varieties Dina, Forward, Medicum 336, Musson (Russia), Edem, Surpriz, Mironovsky 86, Get'man (Ukraine), Margret, Xanadu, Orthega (German), Buck (Canada) and other have complex resistance to some fungi diseases. Combining of disease resistance and high number of productive stems, grain mass per ear and per plant, 1000 grain mass are characteristic for varieties Zevs, Zavetny, Natali (Russia) Ilek 34 (Kazakhstan), Codak (Canada) and other. Lines and varieties created with use of sources of valuable trait are studied in North-East Agricultural Research Institute in all stages of breeding process. Working collection consist of 114 covered and 17 naked accessions of spring barley is used successfully at creation of adaptive varieties.

Morphological parameters of stem in 213 accessions of naked oats (Avena nuda L.) of different ecological and geographic origin were studied under conditions of northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region in connection with breeding for lodging resistance. Relation between plants height and some morphological parameters of stem with lodging was ambiguous. The negative correlation between lodging resistance with plant height (r = -0.34 ... -0.77), with the length of the top (r = -0.16 ... -0.74) and the first interstices (r = -0.67 ... -0.86) was marked. It was found that the formation of lodging resistance was determined not by the size of stem parts but their ratio. It is noted that the higher the ratio of length to diameter of the first and second interstices the stronger the propensity to lodging (r₁ = -0.39 ... -0.98; r₂ = -0.62 ... -0.97). A close negative correlation was found between lodging resistance and ratio of length to diameter of straw of the first interstices (r = -0.70 ... -0.91). Sustainability indexes were used to evaluate the initial material, which take into account the ratio of the individual parts of the stem and indexes evaluating the ratio of productive and vegetative parts. It was found that the value of index, taking into account the ratio of the length of internodes to their diameter, the length of straw to its diameter and length of internodes in varieties with high lodging resistance was significantly lower than that of lodge accessions. At the same time, lodging resistant varieties (in compare with a weakly resistant) had a higher value of the index, taking into account the set of morphological parameters of the stem and panicle and evaluating the ratio of productive and vegetative parts. A comparative study of initial material the use of complex of stem morphological traits complements visual assessment of lodging resistance and allowed to characterize the studied accessions for this indicator more fully.

Sweet sorghum is used for silage, grass flour, hay and grain haylage, green fertilizing and grazing. Now the Agricultural Research Center ‘Donskoy’ developing varieties and hybrids of sweet sorghum for forage with reduced amount of fiber and increased amount of protein in dry matter of green chop. The purpose of the work is to give economic-and-biological characteristics and evaluation of economic efficiency of cultivation of sorghum varieties and hybrids developed in ARC ‘Donskoy’, and to study nutritional value of sorghum forage. The researches were carried out in ARC ‘Donskoy’ in 2014-2016. The objects of the study were three varieties ‘Zernogradsky Yantar’, ‘Debyut’ and ‘Listvenit’, a new variety ‘SV-44’ and three hybrids of grain sorghum ‘Zersil’, ‘Elisey’ and ‘Start’. The green chop productivity of the varieties ranged from 38 to 49 t/ha, the green chop productivity of the hybrids ranged from 51 to 58 t/ha. The content of dry matter in the green chop of the varieties and hybrids varied from 32.6 to 35.5%, the content of raw protein varied from 7.2 to 7.7%, the content of fiber varied from 37.7 to 39.6%.Green chop for silage obtained from sweet sorghum possesses highest nutritional value at swine feeding. Dry matter of green chop obtained from the variety ‘Debyut’ and the hybrid ‘Start’ possessed the largest content of fodder units (122.4 kg and 122.3 kg respectively) and exchangeable energy (1327 MJ and 1336 MJ respectively). All the varieties and hybrids of sweet sorghum meet the requirements in amount of digestible protein (105-110 g). The largest amount of digestible protein per fodder unit was seen in green chop of the hybrids ‘Elisey’ and ‘Start’ (138 g and 135 g respectively).

Article presents results of complex estimation of potato varieties bred in leading institutions of Russia and Belarus under conditions of north territories of Arkhangelsk region by the main economic valuable parameters that allow to reveal varieties non-zoning in Arkhangelsk region but obtained high productivity and diseases resistance. Varieties were studied on durability of phonological stages; productivity; defeat with diseases; content of starch and dry matter in tubers. Adaptive potential of varieties was estimated for each group of ripening that could give high productivity at annual change of weather conditions of Arkhangelsk region. During investigation, next varieties with high plasticity and productivity were selected: early varieties - Meteor, Zhukovsky ranniy, Lyubava, Kholmogorsky; middle-early varieties - Sudarynya, Lileya, Fritella, Favorit; middle varieties - Tuleevsky, Skarb; middle-late varieties - Zhuravinka. Highest productivity had early variety Meteor - 59.8 t/ha with marketability 93.4%; middle-early variety Sudarynya - 47.2 t/ha, marketability 80.4%; middle variety Tuleevsky - 53.1 t/ha, marketability 86.6%; middle-late variety Zhuravinka - 37.6 t/ha, marketability 78.5%. Visual estimation of plants testifies rather high resistance of varieties against diseases. More that half of varieties (69%) have shown low or very low lesion with phytophtoroses. Next varieties were defeated with virus X: Ocharovanie - 9%, Sudarynya, Kolobok, Lileya, Manifest - 3%; with virus M - varieties Sirenevyj Tuman, Ocharovanie, Ognivo, Sudarynya, Volat, Skarb - from 3 up to 9%; with virus S - varieties Sirenevyj Tuman, Ocharovanie, Uladar, Briz - from 3 up to 9%. Variety Lomonosovsky was selected within early varieties by content of starch and dry matter - 12 and 17.8%; within middle-early - variety Fritella -14.7 and 20.4%; within middle varieties - variety Nadezhda - 14.4 and 20.1%; within middle-late one - variety Zol'sky - 13 and 18.8% respectively.

Under conditions of east part of central zone of Kirov region study of economical valuable trait of potato collection nurcery accessions was conducted. For 2012…2016 group of 27 varieties was selected with high productivity exceeded standard Udacha by 103…130%. It was established that varietal productivity was in close relation with amount of precipitations in Yuly-August (r = 0.91). Variability of trait "productivity" within collection nurcery was an average 29.8%, within highly productive varieties - 42.7%. Highest coefficient of variation (55.7…55.9%) had varieties Isna, Arnica (Germany), Ibus (Poland), Рагнеда (Belarus). Stable high productivity at a level of 780…735 g/bush was in varieties Debryansk, 217-07, 21-07 (Russia), Zarevo (Ukraine) 23.8…29.3%. For this group of varieties the cluster analysis was conducted that allowed to unitу sample into groups of similar clusters. Highest distance shown genetic remoteness was in accessions Debryansk and 217-07 (Russia). These varieties could be used in crossings with all other varieties with high possibility of selection of transgressive forms. It was conducted additional cluster analysis on diseases resistance: to phytophtorosis - on leaves and tubers, to alterniosis, to scab, to viruses. Varieties Zarevo (Ukraine) and Zhukovsky ranny (Russia) were selected that shown strong divergence with other varieties by reaction on phytopathogenes. Because of devision of all sample into two clusters on productivity and three clusters on disease resistance optimal schemes of breeding were chosen for creation of new high-productive potato varieties for Volga-Vyatka region.

The results of studies on the comparative efficiency of cultivation of single-species, binary and polycomponent agrophytocenoses on sod-podzolic soils under the conditions of the Republic of Mari El are reflected. It has been established that the simulated agrophytocenoses with different ratios of peas and barley in terms of productivity of the produced grain mass are superior to single-species crops of gorookh. The most productive (grain yield 4.48 t/ha, including 3.31 t/ha peas, 7.3 t/ha protein harvest) and biologically effective in terms of the ratio of land equivalents (LER = 1.22) was a simulated agrophytocenosis involving peas Bogatyr (85%) and barley Risk (15%). The increase in barley from 15 to 35% (from the sowing of the crop in its pure form) led to a decrease in both the proportion of peas in the grain crop yield and the biological effectiveness of the mixed crop (LER decreased from 1.22 to 1.0). A close relationship (r = - 0.76-0.82) between the cenotic activity of barley and pea in mixed agrophytocenoses was established. When cultivating mixed varietal agrophytocenoses of spring wheat, the architectonics of the structure of the productive stemstalk changed, and the competitive interrelationships among the plants were weakened. On the yield of grain in the years favorable for moistening the soil, the modeled mixed agrophytocenosis [Priokskaya (5) + Krepysh (1)] significantly exceeded the pure-grade crops of Krepysh and Priokskaya. In this agrophytocenosis, the value of LER was higher than 1, but it had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 1.16 on an unfertilized background to 1.12 on the background of N45P45K45, 1.08 for N60P45K45 and 1.06 for N90P45K45. Binary agrophytocenoses of winter crops (triticale and wheat) in comparison with single-species crops were not very effective (LER = 1.00 ... 1.11). In contrast, the cultivation of poly-species winter grain agrophytocenoses with the participation of triticale, wheat and rye indicates a more rational use of environmental resources (LER = 1.15 ... 1.29). Cultivation of simulated mixed agrophytocenoses is an affordable and cheap way of producing high-quality forage grains. Grain productivity of multicomponent agrophytocenosis is determined by a set of constituent crop-components.

Results of 2013-2015 three-factor experiments on study of ways of basic, pre-sowing soil cultivation and use of bio-preparations were presented in the article; their influence on productivity of plant species of crops rotation chain was showed. Correlation relations between productivity of spring cereals and grain-forage crops and storage of productive moisture and soil density of arable layer of sod-podzolic middle-clay soil, degree of dockage of sowings with perennial and minority weeds. Analysis of energetic and economic efficiency of cultivation was shown that technology on the basis of ploughing with KBM-4.2 soil cultivation and inputting of bio-preparation Pseudobacterin-2 was most profitable for spring wheat (coefficient of energetic efficiency was 2.27; self-cost - 3453 rubles per ton, profitablility 75%). Technology on the basis of ploughing with KPS soil cultivation and inputting of bio-preparation Pseudobacterin-2 was effective for barley cultivation (coefficient of energetic efficiency was 3.26; self-cost - 2326 rubles per ton, profitablility 115%). Technology which includes surface combining cultivation with pre-sowing treatment with APPN-2.1 combined aggregate and inputting of bio-preparation on the basis of strain S. hygroscopiсus А4 was highly effective for cultivation of paes-oat mixture (coefficient of energetic efficiency was 4.60; self-cost - 1378 rubles per ton, profitablility 64%).

The article overviews some theories of carcino- and leukemogenesis (viral, viralgenetic, viralimmunogenetic, immunological, polyetiological, chemical, mutational, hormonal, oncogenic, antiviral, embryonal, homotoxicological, of parasitic nature etc.). It summarizes some factors contributing to the emergence and development of carcino- and leukemogenesis. Mechanism of the development of leukemic pathology is described from the immunological standpoint. The importance of reducing the natural resistance of animals for raising the level of their infection with the BLV and the incidence of leukemia in infected individuals is shown. Immune protection of animals through the activation of T- and B-lymphocytes, phagocytes capable of killing tumor cells is pointed out. The role of interferons, interleukins in correction of defects of the immune system in response to the viral infection is noted. Advisability of application to young animals of immunotropic drugs activating cells of monocyte-macrophage systems to prevent leukemia is described. In case of a defect of the immune system circulating immune complexes are deposited in organs and contribute to their damage, particularly in ecologically unfavorable territories. The possibility of the immunoprophylaxis for preventing bovine leukemia by the administration of immunomodulators (ligphol, phosprenyl, E-selenium, anandin, selepher, ribotan etc.) particularly in combination stimulating immune reactions is shown. Immunomodulators contributed to increasing resistance of animals to BLV-infection. It is recommended to preserve the immune system activity on a sufficiently high level by using various effective immunomodulators particularly in combination for increasing effectiveness of anti-leukemia activities.

Results of clinical, pathologo-anatomic, histopathologic and bacteriologic studies at an experimental infection caused by an injection of 35.0 ml of suspension containing 1.0 million CFU/ml show that rhodococci are involved in the initiation and development of septic processes in calves. It was estimated that the pathologianatomic pattern of sepsis caused by rhodococci is characterized by impaired homeostasis occurring as DVC-syndrome, sludge-phenomenon, hemorrhages in the mucous and serous membranes, systemic vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis of the microvasculature. Changes in the internal organs are characterized by a serous-hemorrhagic lymphadenitis, abomasitis, enteritis, colitis and pattern associated with the deposition of immune complexes - serous glomerulonephritis. There are phenomena of hyperemia of stasis, degenerative and necrotic processes with bacterial emboli in the lumen of blood vessels in the parenchymatous organs. Changes in the spleen are identified as septic spleen. Organs of the immune system are characterized by the decrease of level of structural components and the complete absence of germinal centers. The decrease of level of important structural components (lymphocytes) in the organs of immunogenesis in calves, the absence of the marked inflammatory reaction indicate a worsening of immunosuppression in the development of septic process and the failure of protective mechanisms against the expansion of opportunistic microorganisms. The changes described are characteristic for sepsis with development of multiple organ failure caused by autointoxication and damages of parenchymatous organs. Results obtained reveal the involvement of rhodococci in the group of opportunistic microorganisms in the development of sepsis as terminal stage of infectious process at infections caused by opportunistic microorganisms. The constant persistence of rhodococci in the composition of the microbiocenosis of the biotopes of the bovine gastrointestinal tract determines the high risk of their involvement in the development of infectious pathology that must be considered in the development of anti-epizootic measures.

Analysis of prevalence of nematosis in pigs in the Republic of Crimea is done. Research materials in technological slaughter animals have shown that in the intestine there are parasitic nematodes of four types (Ascaris, Trichuris, Metastrongylus, Strongylata) in the form of monoinvazion and in various combinations. Struck pigs intestinal nematodes was 54.24 %. Invasion of Trihuris suis was biggest among intestinal helminth infections of pigs (22.87%), of Ascaris suum infestation was 20.26%, Strongylata - 9.15%, Metastrongylus - 1.96%. Morphometric parameters of helminth eggs at different degrees of infestation intensity in mono- and mixed forms of helminthiasis were established in the program ImageJ (Wayne Rasband of Research Services Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health). During the studies it was noted that by increasing the intensity of infection the size of helminth eggs reduced: length by 1.05 times and the width by 1.04 times at Trichuris; 1.04 times - Ascaris length and 1.02 times - their width. For Strongylus eggs it is characterized a significant reduction in morphometric parameters: length by 1.83 times, the width - by 1.71 times. At a mixed invasion (Ascaris and Metastrongylus) it is revealed an antagonistic relationship, which manifest themselves in the form of increased morphometric parameters of eggs of Ascaris suum: length by 1.02 times, the width - by 1.07 times. Dimensions of eggs of Trichuris were reduced at mixed invasion with Ascaris suum (length by 1.06 times, width by 1.02), indicating the expression of partial antagonism. The data on the spread of nematodes in pigs in the territory of the Crimean peninsula and morphometric parameters of helminth eggs are important for therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at the elimination of helminth infections, and can also be used for diagnostic examinations of pigs.

The paper presents the research materials on the influence of the phytobakterial complex FANTPLUS, including the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuzea carthamoides D.C., on the clinical state (blood, behavioral responses, internal organs) of non-linear white mice aged 90 days. The experiment was carried out for 30 days on 25 white mice, divided into one control and 4 test groups of 5 mice each. Daily in the diet of mice of experimental groups FANTPLUS was administered at the rate of gram per mouse per day: the first one was 0.1; The second - 0.2; The third - 0.3; The fourth - 0.4. Throughout the observation period, the mice of all groups did not show abnormalities in the clinical state. The increase in body weight in comparison with baseline in the first trial group was 8.9%, in the second group - 11.3%, in the third group - 20.8%, in the fourth group - 18.0%, in control - 7.8% %. Pathologies from the internal organs (liver, kidneys, spleen) have not been revealed. Changes in body mass index, internal organs and blood occurred within the physiological norm for mice of this age group. The content of leukocytes increased by 11-24%, erythrocytes - by 12-28%, lymphocytes - by 11-21%; The relative distribution of erythrocytes by volume - by 22-62%. The concentration of hemoglobin increased by 5.8-15%, the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes by 2-10%, hematocrit increased in all test groups from 5 to 29%, the number of platelets by 4-6%, thrombocrit by 17-23%. The coefficient of large platelets increased by 18-40%. The Streeter index increased by 7-44%, and the opsonophagocytic index (OFI) by 12-53% in comparison with the control. Phytoplasmic phantom bacteria complex FANTPLYUS in a dose of 0.3 g / kg body weight of mice optimized the studied blood indices, increasing, in comparison with the control, the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit and thrombocrit. Similarly, the phytobacterial complex also influenced the immunological parameters, which was manifested by the intensification of the opsonophagocytic reaction.

The most energy-consuming operation in agricultural production is the cultivation of the soil, which consumes up to 40% of the total energy expenditure. The use of various vibro-impact elements in the construction of working organs allows for more intensive crumbling of the soil and a lower energy intensity of the process due to variable soil resistance in accordance with the phases of its deformation and destruction. The object of our study is the developed design of a cultivator paw on a vibro-shock suspension. The subject of research is the relationship between the design parameters and operating modes of the proposed device with qualitative and energy performance indicators. A feature of the developed cultivator working body is the presence of a C-shaped elastic strut, the upper part of which is made in the form of a cylindrical spring with hemispherical strikers between the turns. The vibration of the column arising during the operation of this design will ensure periodic co-stressing of the hemispherical strikers located between the coils of the spring, and will contribute to the activation of the process of crumbling of the soil and self-cleaning of the paw. When justifying the design parameters and operating modes, methods of theoretical and agricultural mechanics, impact theory were applied. Theoretical relationships connecting the stiffness of a vibro-impact spring, the amplitude of oscillations with soil treatment regimes, its physico-mechanical properties, and also the design parameters of the working member are obtained. With an increase in the number of pairs of impactors n, the rational value of the amplitude of the oscillations of the spring decreases, and at n = 6 it is 8 mm. Experimental studies have shown that with an increase in the number of pairs of impactors n, the energy intensity of processing decreases by 7...16%, with the improvement of qualitative indicators within the experimental error and satisfying the agrotechnical requirements. At the same time, the greatest drop in energy intensity is observed at n = 6. A further increase in n is impractical, since the difference between the variants n = 6 and n = 8 does not exceed 3%.

Analysis of the branches of Russian agro-industrial complex making production and processing of winter rye has shown that there are definite prospects for growth of market for rye and products of its processing. Specificity of the vertical and horizontal economic relations testifies in favor to use the cluster approach for development of rye complex. As a pre-conditions for forming of inter-regional rye cluster on a territory of Privolzhsky federal district it may be called: highly expressed concentration of rye grain production with formed orientation to inter-regional markets; large amount of enterprises involved in all parts of technological chain of winter rye; high share of Russia in world rye production (20%) as a basis for possible orientation on world markets of winter rye’s grain and products of its processing; existence of results of scientifical research in almost all links of the cluster’s technological chain that may form the basis for cost reduction and (or) increase the demand for products of cluster’s enterprises. As a basic mechanisms for enterprises and organizations to participate in the rye cluster it can be used direct contacts between organizations within the cluster, the establishment (selection) of the organization - the cluster manager and cluster's initiative. Organizations who in 2013 established the Coordinating Council of the cluster can make a cluster initiative. It will be academic institutions leading in research on rye breeding, cultivation technologies and processing of winter rye as well as higher education institutions interested in participation in the rye’s cluster. It is also important to involve leading enterprises - large agricultural enterprises, flour mills, bakeries, pastry factories - at the stage of cluster initiative.