The article presents the results of image analysis of size and color of rye grains of different color that is controlled by known genes. It was studied 23 samples of rye with the color of the grain visually described as yellow, green, brown and violet. Software GrainScan developed for wheat was adapted for computer analysis of digital images of rye kernels obtained with flatbed scanner. Software along with size allows calculating three-coordinates of color in three-dimensional color space CIEL*a*b*. Based on coordinate values a* and b* calculation of two additional parameters - C* and h* describing the saturation (purity) and tone (the color itself) of the grains, respectively, was made. It is shown that the individual analysis of size and color characteristics of the kernels give low values of standard errors. This allows revealing pairs of forms, which differ from each other for any of the studied parameters. The color of the rye grain cannot be described as the saturated color of one of the tones. In accordance to values of h*, it was possible to divide four visually selected groups into three ones. A composition of groups correspond to lack of anthocyanins in caryopsis (anthocyaninless, yellow-seeded, brown-seeded samples), the presence of anthocyanins in the aleurone layer (green-seeded samples) and the presence of anthocyanins in the pericarp (violet-seeded samples). The data obtained are discussed in connection with literature data on visual description of colors of rye grain, type of pigments, and the coloring of the individual layers of rye kernel.

Estimation of influence of root and leaf input of aluminum into plants of spring soft wheat on activity of genetic systems of adaptivity, attraction, and micro-distribution of photosynthates were conducted under field conditions of Kirov region in 2014.. .2016. The estimation was done using graphs of orthogonal regression in co-ordinate systems “ear mass - straw mass” and “grain mass - chaff mass”. Changes in activity of the genetic systems differ quantitatively and qualitatively at different ways of aluminum ions’ impact. At varieties Vyatchanka, Magistral’naya 1, Svecha, Tumenskaya 80, and Estivum V313 top-dressing with 1.5 mM aluminum sulfate decreased activity of genetic system of micro-distribution. At varieties Bazhenka, Legenda, Sibirskaya 14, and Estivum 155 this treatment leads to re-distribution of photosynthates into economically useful part of ear. Activity of genetic systems of adaptivity and attraction was increased at varieties Magistral’naya 1, Svecha, Sibirskaya 14, and Estivum V313. Soil aluminum (211 mg/kg) increased effectiveness of action of genetic system of micro-distribution at varieties Altayskaya 80, Karabalykskaya 98, Legenda, Line 3691h, Estivum 155, and AC Taber. Varieties Altayskaya 80, Legenda, Tulajkovskaya 155, Tumenskaya 80, Estivum 155, and Nawra increased activity of genetic systems of adaptivity and attraction. These varieties could be used as sources for increasing of activity of the given genetic systems in breeding for Al-resistance. At varieties Legenda and Estivum 155 influence of soil aluminum leads to significant increase in activity of genetic systems of adaptivity and attraction, while top-dressing - decreased it. At varieties Svecha and Magistral’naya 1 there soil aluminum decreased activity of these systems, but top-dressing - increased. Only at variety Estivum 155 aluminum in both cases increased activity of genetic system of micro-distribution. All the rest varieties had opposite direction in change of activity of this system at different ways of stressor impact. Differences in varieties on level of aluminum resistance of root systems had not influence on activity of genetic system of micro-distribution at both ways of stressor’s impact. This fact indicates only weak genetic link between mechanisms of re-distribution of photosynthesis products within an ear of spring soft wheat and mechanisms of plant resistance against stress factors.

Winter wheat is a crop with the highest biological yield potential among other cereals. However, its cultivation in the Udmurt Republic is considered risky due to the unstable overwintering by years. One of the decisive factors for a successful overwintering of this crop is the optimum sowing time. In connection with the general climate warming in the region, an increase in the period of fall vegetation of plants the adjustment of sowing time is actual. Field studies were conducted in the Udmurt Agricultural Research Institute on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil in years contrasting on meteorological conditions (2013-2016). The object of research was winter wheat varieties: Moskovskaya 39 (standard), Italmas, Mera; Sowing time: August 23-25 (control), August 28-30, September 3-5, September 8-10. According to the results of the research, it was revealed that Mera variety is characterized by a higher winter hardiness compared with Moskovskaya 39 variety. On average over the years of research, its overwintering was 62%, which ensured the highest grain yield - 2.73 t / ha that is 0.52 t / ha higher the standard. The overwintering (54%) and productivity (2.15 t / ha) of Italmas was at the standard level. At sowing in the first (control) and the second time the overwintering of winter wheat varieties was 63% in average, the grain yield was 3.37 and 3.33 t / ha. The decrease was observed in overwintering at sowing at a later date compared with control on 8 and 21%, and grain yield - on 0.44 and 1.96 t / ha.

The article presents results of breeding activity (1990.2012) on creation of early, winter hardiness, productive red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) variety ‘Shans’ having high fodder quality. Originators of the variety - Falenki breeding station and North-East Agricultural Research Institute Variety ‘Shans’ (breeding line 804/90) created by a method of multiple biotypic selection from middle-ripening adaptive variety ‘Dymkovsky’. According to the results of competitive tests in Falenki breeding station (2008.2012), the variety had advantage over standard variety ‘Trio’ by main economic traits and distinguished with earliness (55.75 days from spring re-growth till beginning of flowering; 110.128 days for seed ripening), high winter hardiness (96.100 %), dry matter yield - 11.3 t/ha and raw protein yield - 1.53 t/ha, high seed yield - 0.2 t/ha, resistance against root rot (index of disease development IDD = 18.2 %). According to data of ecological test (2012) under agro-climatic conditions of Kirov city (North-East Agricultural Institute) variety ‘Shans’ shown high potential productivity of dry matter - 21.22 t/ha (significantly higher than standard ‘Trio’ on 2.80 t/ha or 15.2%). In 2012 the variety was passed to State varietal test, since 2017 - was included into State Register of breeding achievements allowed to use in Volga-Vyatka region (patent № 8916 from February 13, 2017).

The results of research (2003...2005) on the influence of predecessors (potato, winter rye, barley, flax) and basic tillage methods (deep-fall plowing and disking) on water-and-physical properties and biological activity of soil, weed infestation, productivity of legume crops on drained sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Vologda region. When plowing with cut-out dumps for 30-32 cm the bulk mass in the 20-30 cm layer decreased by 0.03-0.15 g/cm³, and the water permeability of the soil increased by 0.24 m/day. The shallow processing of the soil to a depth of 8-12 cm (disking) leds to increase in differentiation of the arable layer - it increased the bulk density in the layer 10-20 by 0.04-0.05 g/cm³. Filtering coefficient after disking decreased by 0.20 m /day. It is established that the best predecessor of barley and oats with the application of fertilizers and the usual system of tillage (plowing at 20-22 cm) is potato. In barley addition yield compared to other predecessors made 0.27-0.39 t/ha. Among combinations of precursors with soil cultivation methods plowing with cut-out dumps after winter rye was a reliable addition of barley yield (0.31 t/ha). In the variant with repeated sowing of barley plowing with cut-out dumps reduced barley yield by 0.29 t/ha or 8.5 %. Treating the soil with discs reduced the yield of oats when placed in crop rotation after flax and barley. In all other cases, the replacement of plowing on 20-22 cm with disking on 8-12 cm does not reduce the yield of barley and oats. Replacement of plowing on 20-22 cm by small processing on 8-12 cm allows to reduce expenses for main processing by 47.1%, including expenses on fuel for 7.8 l/ha or 45.3%, labor for 0.4 person hours per ha or 33.9%.

In this paper we present the results of 2016.2017 studies on the influence of different doses of mineral fertilizers (0, 30, 90, 120, and 150 kg/ha of acting matter of NPK) on the content of mobile compounds of zinc and copper in the arable horizon of sod-podzolic soil under conditions of long-term stationary field located in the Kirov region. The increase in the content of mobile compounds of zinc in the soil, compared with control, and their dynamics during the vegetation period was observed with the application of fertilizers in doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha. Thus, the amount of these compounds of the element in the variant with control during the period under study ranged from 0.17 to 2.42 mg/kg; when applying fertilizer doses: 30 kg/ha - 0.17-4.11 mg/kg; 60 kg/ha - 0.28-5.38 mg/kg; 90 kg/ha - 0.213.73 mg/kg. On the content of mobile compounds of copper, the introduction of different doses of mineral fertilizers had no effect. The dynamics of this element during the vegetation period are expressed poorly. A significant increase in the number of investigated copper compounds in all variants including the control was detected in early June and late July. For example, in the control variant the maximum content of mobile compounds of this element was 0.53 mg/kg, and when applying a fertilizer dose of 30 kg/ha, 0.52 mg/kg; 60 kg/ha - 0.56 mg/kg; 90 kg/ha - 0.66 mg/kg; 120 kg/ha - 0.57 mg/kg; 150 kg/ha - 0.52 mg/kg. At the same time, the change in the content of mobile compounds of elements during the growing season is associated with hydrothermal conditions.

Experiments were conducted in 2008.2015 in Kirov region. Effectiveness of liming, input of nitric (N90 kg/ha of acting matter) and increasing dozes of phosphoric fertilizers (50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha of acting matter) in complex with nitric-potassium fertilizers (90 kg/ha of acting matter each) on agronomical parameters of soil, productivity and grain quality of winter rye, spring wheat and oat was studied on stationary field experiment. In variant without liming and fertilizing significant acidification of soil was taken place (pH 3.9, Al 9.5 mg/100 g of soil) in compare with initial values (pH 4.5...4.7). Inputting N90P100-200K90 leads to increase in exchangeable and hydrolytic acidity, content of mobile aluminum (up to 13.6.15.4 mg/100 g, and phosphorus (up to 156.209 mg/kg on non-liming and 147.248 mg/kg on liming backgrounds at phosphorus concentration in soil solution 0.56.0.68 and 0.75.1.39 mg/l correspondingly). On the liming-free background, productivity of winter rye was in average 1.92, oat - 3.90, and wheat - 2.26 t/ha; liming increased productivity on 15.27, 13.29, and 16.32% correspondingly. Nitric fertilizers had significant influence in forming of addition yield. In variant N90 on the liming background 1.15 t/ha of winter rye grain, 1.6 t/ha of oat, and 0.78 t/ ha of wheat was gathered additionally and the highest recoupment of fertilezers with grain (12.6, 17.8, and 8.7 kg) was reached. Maximal levels in productivity of cereals obtained in variants with NPK input; tendency to increase in productivity because of increasing dozes of super-phosphate is marked on liming-free background. Nitric fertilizers significantly influenced on content of nitrogen, raw protein and gluten in spring wheat grain; correlation is marked between spring wheat productivity and content of raw protein (r = 0.79) and gluten (r = 0.78) in grain. Test weight of all crops was higher then basic norm independent on fertilizers input.

In the livestock enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region comprehensive programs of health measures against the pathogens of acute respiratory viral infections are developed and implemented. This allows to significantly reduce the incidence among young cattle, which are the main risk group for the development of infectious diseases of organs. A retrospective analysis of the results of serological screening of the primary postvaccinal immune response in the populations of young cattle of model agricultural enterprises in 4 districts of the Sverdlovsk region showed that in 2.2-6.8% of animals have a low level of specific antibodies to infectious agents of rhinotracheitis (TIA) Viral diarrhea (VD) and parainfluenza-3 (PG-3). An assessment was made of the risk of developing epizootics of acute respiratory viral infections in young cattle. It was established that the indicator “Waste of calves due to factor infections” in the surveyed agricultural enterprises was less than 4%. The increase or decrease in the indicator directly correlated with the results of serological screening. When the maximum number of animals with a low level of post-vaccination seroconversion was detected, the indicator “Waste of calves due to factor infections” (FI) was observed in agricultural enterprises. The maximum level of the FI indicator - 2.9% in the Beloyarsk region model farm was registered in 2015; during this period the number of calves with a low level of post-vaccination seroconversion was 11.8% of the surveyed young cattle livestock. In the model economies of the Alapaevsky region, the maximum level of the FI indicator was 3.7% in 2015; in this period the number of calves with a low level of post-vaccination seroconversion was 11.4% of the surveyed young cattle livestock. In the model farms of the Sukholozhsky and Kamensky regions, the maximum level of the FI index 2.7% and 2.8% was registered in 2016; the number of calves with a low level of post-vaccination seroconversion in this period was 9.4% and 11.1% of the surveyed young cattle livestock.

The article presents studies of the functional activity of different types of immunocompetent cells in the study of regenerative properties of a new drug dyalderon. The study was performed in the laboratory, on the model of purulent wounds in male rats of the Vistar line, in accordance with international requirements of humane treatment of laboratory animals. The two groups of rats, 10 animals each, were used to accomplish this task. Animals under anesthesia were dissected skin flap area of 20 mm² was applied to the surface of the wound. 1bn. microbial cells of Staphylococcus aureus. Through the day the rats of the experimental group was administered with dyalderon at a dose of 30 mg intramuscularly, and the animals of the control group Cefazolin topically at a dose of 1 g per wound, during for 8 days. The criterion for the regeneration of the wounds were the time of appearance of granulation, epitelizaciei, the leukocyte count and groups T and b-lymphocytes, the level of phagocytosis and of some cytokines and decrease microbial contamination by Staphylococcus is less than 10⁵ microbial cells per 1 cm². Observation of the animals was carried out for 25 days. The results obtained allowed to establish that dyalderon contributed to the rapid tissue regeneration and elimination of the etiopathogenetic factors of the purulent inflammation of microbic cells, and necrotic detritus and accelerate epithelialization of wounds. This dyalderons action activated of ТН1 lymphocytes subpopulations, which stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines а-TNF and 1-ИЛß. The maximum development of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood of rats of the experimental group was observed on the fifth day of а-TNF 870,8±0,24 ng/ml, 1 IL ß 29,78±0,21 ng/ml, and organism^/s physiological norm, was came а-TNF 82,5±0,56 ng/ml, and IL 1 ß 16,4±0,71 ng/ml.

The estimation of the metabolic profile of blood serum of purebred and crossbred young sheep in the context of intensity of growth. The object of the research was five-month-old purebred bright Roma breed (P) and crossbred, received in the result of crossing ewes of the Pechora breed groups sheep breed ostfriz (¹/₂П х¹/₂О), grown under the same conditions feeding and maintenance of the Pechora experimental station. For the experience was developed four groups of calves by 5 goals each: I (¹/₂П х¹/₂О) is a high-energy growth; II (¹/₂П х¹/₂О) - low; III (R) - high IV and (R) - low energy growth. Group bright low energy growth taken for control. Metabolic profile sky growing bright was characterized by the following features: the level of albumin over 45% of the total protein; A/G ratio approaches one; the average and below average (3,3 to 5,0 mmol/l) within normal level of urea; glucose + cholesterol more than five; the de Ritis coefficient is 1,8-2,2; high within the normal values of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. Metabolic profile slow growing bright: the level of albumin less than 45% of the total protein; A/G ratio is less than 0,85; glucose and glucose + cholesterol - the lower limit of normal; the de Ritis coefficient above 2,2. Significant differences in favor of the growing bright in intensity of protein, carbohydrate and other exchanges allow the use of biochemical parameters of blood on the early stages of ontogenesis as a marker signs to predict the growth and the assessment of adaptation to the conditions of detention.

High morbidity of animals creates a potential risk of further deterioration of epizootic situation on fasciolosis. To devastate mollusks and to break the biological cycle of Fasciola hepatica the most affordable molluscicide is bluestone (copper sulphate), which is highly toxic against grazing animals, aquatic organisms and vegetation. The aim of the current study was to investigate molluscicidal activity of the common oak against freshwater mollusks of the family Lymnaeidae as intermediate hosts for trematodes - dangerous for agricultural animals. Researches were conducted in the laboratory and farms of the Nizhny Novgorod region in 2015-2017. A drug was prepared from the common oak and tested for molluscicidal properties in experiments on pastures. Preliminary laboratory studies revealed the harmlessness of this drug. According to the classification of toxic substances by GOST 12.1.007-76 it is classified as a hazard class IV “low-risk substances”. It was established that the oak powder at a dose of 10 g/l caused the death of 8-17% lower crustaceans (Daphnia, Cyclops), 5-10% of benthos (oligochaetes, chironomides), but after 15-17 days their number is restored. The drug did not cause burns in wetland plants and disintegrated within 7-8 days. Field experiments showed that the introduction of the drug into biotopes of mollusks on pastures at a dose of 10.0 g/l during 5 days of exposure caused the death of 100% of mollusks and 94% of their egg clutches. Maximal molluscididal activity of the drug was observed at the water temperature 26.5-28.8°C; lowering the temperature to 15.8-17.4°C resulted in a decrease in its activity. It has been concluded that there is a possibility of using the oak powder as herbal molluscicide for sanitation of pastures and cattle crossings when implementing fasciolosis control programs.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of bulls-producers feeding with biologically active food supplements with antioxidant properties derived from peat as to the quality of sperm. The study was carried out in 2016 by the method of group-periods (preliminary, experimental and final) in specialized breeding enterprises of the Kirov region. It was formed 2 analogous groups of animals - experimental and control one - 10 animals each. In the experimental period of 30 days the animals of the experimental group were fed with the studied Supplement containing 8.3% of humic and 24.7% fulvic acids in an amount of 50 ml per head per day mixed with feed. In the preliminary and final periods of 60 days each, the Supplement is not used. The studies established that the complex of substances with antioxidant properties that are included in the supplements had a positive effect in maintaining the high quality of the sperm of animals. In the experimental period, the concentration of sperm in the ejaculate of bulls that received feed additive increased by 0.07 billion/ml or 7.4%; in the final period by 0.08 billion/ml or 8.4% (p<0.05) in comparison with the prior period. In bulls of control group this indicator had no significant differences. The spermicidal activity in animals of the experimental group in the experimental period increased by 0.56 points or 8.7% (p<0.05) for the preliminary period while in control bulls only by 0.3 points or 4.8%. Biologically active substances in the additive, acting on the body of breeding bulls, optimized metabolic processes in sperm thereby increasing their resistance to cryopreservation; as a result, the number of culled frozen sperm doses for the observation period in the experimental group animals, in average per bull was 44.3 dose or 60.5% less than in control.

The article presents studies of the effect of SNP of genes PRLR, LEP, ESR, FSHb, MC4R, LIF, POU1F1, GH on the reproductive performance of large white pigs. The analysis was carried out using linear models of mixed type. For each variant of SNP, a separate model was used; as a fixed factor in model the genotype for the gene in question was. Another fixed factor in all models was the order of number of farrowing. A randomized factor was individual sow genotypes. As a result of the analysis a significant superiority of the LEP/CC genotype over the LEP/TT genotype was established for all indicators of reproductive qualities: by the number of pigs at birth on 1.55 h. (p = 0.02), for a piglets born alive on 1.8 h. (p = 0.009), by litter weight at birth on 1.91 kg (p = 0.05). According to the ESR gene animals with the ESR/BB genotype also outperformed all their analogues with the ESR/AA genotype (by the number of pigs at birth on 1.36 h. (p = 0.14), by piglets born alive on 0.93 h. (p = 0.005), by the litter weight at birth on 2.24 kg (p = 0.15) The LIF gene was used to determine the genotype LIF/BB (the number of piglets at birth + 1.35 h. (p = 0 , 15), piglets born alive + 1.9 h. (p = 0.04), litter weight at birth + 2.24 kg (p = 0.24) relative to the LIF/AA genotype.) The superiority of the PRLR/55 genotype was established for the PRLR gene (number of piglets at birth + 0.42 head (p = 0.4), piglets born alive + 0.57 h. (p = 0.25), litter weight at birth + 1.96 kg (p = 0.01) relative to the PRLR/AB genotype.) For other genes there are no significant differences in the reproductive qualities between the genotypes. Based on the obtained results a panel of genetic markers for evaluating reproductive qualities of large white pigs was developed, which includes the LEP, ESR, LIF, and PRLR genes.

With the help of computer simulation it was studied the peculiarities of extrapolation, identify the error and distortion data based on the number of grouses on the transect (routes), determined the needed length of the routes. The importance of the study lies in the fact that it is impossible to establish the accuracy of counts of birds in transects by another method since in nature it is impossible to determine the true number of birds in a particular area; but this technique is widely used in hunting and scientific research. Records are simulated in the territory of 60 000 hectares. The length of the routes here was 200 km; the bandwidth accounting is 100 m. Т1ю point of birds imitating on-site moved randomly after each calculation cycle of calculation of population density and extrapolation of data. Tenfold passes of routes in each of the three variants of points distribution in the square are simulated that corresponds to different quality of living environment of birds in nature. The limitations of the technique, which requires more work to get a reasonable accuracy, are shown. Accuracy of the registration necessary for practice is achieved when the length of the routes is of 3-5 km per 1000 hectares of land and depends on the density of bird population. Multiple passages of routes are needed. At high density, the smaller length of routes is allowable. It is expedient to lay routes over the entire area of land but not only in the peculiar species habitats; and the result must be extrapolated to entire area. This increases the accuracy of the account and allows taking into account the grouse, capercaillie and grouse simultaneously although their habitats are not always the same. The route length of a few tens of kilometers practiced in the farms does not allow to judge about even the trends of changes in the number because of larger errors. These conclusions are applicable to the accounting of grouse during the winter route accounting.

In 2017 in the Kirov region the clover-grater-and-scarificator KS-0.2 intended for extraction of seeds from wad of clover and other legumes and grasses as well as scarification of hard legume seeds was investigated. The machine includes frame, body, drum, deck, batch hopper, tedder, device for supplying material to a machine, pipe for input and output, extension, holder for bag, the drive mechanisms, electric equipment. For exception of the operation for deck replacement when reconfiguring the machine it was experimentally investigated the process of scarification of seeds of Galega orientalis with the oval type deck, equipped with 7 steel scarification plates installed between the round bars. Using of methods of mathematical planning of the experiment studied allow to established the influence of constructive and technological parameters on the degree of scarification of seeds and crushing of the seeds. Determined the range of values of the studied parameters under which the observed agro technical requirements for the machine were met. As a result of research defined values are revealed of the constructive and technological parameters of the machine for extraction and scarification grass seed КБ-0.2 with the use of a oval type deck, providing the required quality parameters (degree of scarification of seeds higher than 95% and crushing of seeds less than 1.5%): frequency of rotation of the drum 850...950 min^-1; productivity 0.2...0.3 t/h; clearances at the entrance - 6.0 mm, at the outlet - 3.0 mm.

The economic interests of business entities in agriculture are constantly being transformed, becoming more complicated when external and internal factors and conditions change. It predetermines the urgency of their additional identification and classification. The duality of interests of various business agricultural entities is noted depending on their role in this or that social group. The duality of interests is determined not only by property relations, but also by the level of corporate social responsibility of agricultural organizations, the expectations of the local community, the place of permanent residence of direct participants of agricultural production. The system of classification of features of economic interests is supplemented by the signs allowing taking into account the sphere of employment and sources of the main income of stakeholders, their place of residence, expectations from participation in agricultural production. Economic interests are grouped for the main groups of interest: employees of the organization, management personnel of the organization, owners of land/capital, the state in the person of government bodies, society - their inconsistency is found out. Macroeconomic results of the violation of the parity of interests of the main stakeholders in agriculture are the hidden employment of some rural residents, the removal of a part of the gross added value from the legal turnover. The resolution of contradictions depends on the policy of intraeconomic relations carried out by the heads of agricultural enterprises (owners). In general, managers of agricultural enterprises are not only intermediaries in the organizational process of relations of economic interests carriers, but also by their active participants. The main conditions for more fully satisfying the personal, collective and public interests of the main stakeholders are identified in the article: attracting and retaining highly skilled workers, matching the growth of productivity and wages, improving the quality of products, reducing the disparity of prices among partners in the agribusiness system, improving relationships with financial institutions, improvement of the state’s social policy within the framework of sustainable development of rural areas.