Rice yield depends on the number of panicles per area unit, number of grain in a panicle and kernel weight, which are controlled by a quantitative trait locus. Therefore, the selection of plants with more grains in panicle can help to develop more productive varieties. The purpose of the research is the study of the effect of selection on the number of grains in panicle F₂ on the productivity of generations F₃, and F₄. F₂-F₄ hybrids of crossing between varieties Kuboyar and sample Il. 14 served as a studied material. The experiment was carried out in 2012-2014 in FSUE "Proletarskoe" in Rostov region. Selection of single plants was conducted in F2 populations by number of grain per panicle. From each of three groups 14 recombined plants were selected having low number (M, 27-36 grains), medium number (C, 90-110 grans), and high number (K, 178-239 grains) of grain per panicle for producing F3 generation. Grain yield of F3 families, obtained from selected plants in F2 population based on differences in the number of grains of panicle varied considerably: in the group K on average, 596 g/m², in group C - 468 g/m², the group M - 328 g/m², i.e. at 138-140 g/m². Grain yield in F₃ has moderate correlation with the number of grains per panicle in F₂. Correlation of between yields of generations F₃ and F₄ was also moderate positive and amounted to 0.43 ± 0.12, and the regression is y = 2.87 + 0.68x. This means that at increase in grain yield F₃ by 1 t/ha yield in F₄ rises an average by 0.68 t/ha. Therefore, the selection of grain number per panicle in the early generations may be appropriate.

Hill mustard (Bunias orientalis L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant. In the last decades the interest of Russian scientists to the cultivation of this species as fodder plant has considerably increased. Scientific literature contains a significant amount of data about the prospects of its use, longevity, productivity and quality of above-ground mass. The cultivation of hill mustard in the nursery of the Botanical garden of the Institute of biology Komi SC UB RAS also indicates preconditions of its introduction. Before using this rare plant in culture in the North it is necessary to study the possibilities of its seeds. The article presents the research results of seed quality and seed yield of hill mustard conducted in 2008 - 2010 in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic. It has been shown that individual plants of hill mustard annually form fertile seeds. Laboratory germination ability is low and amounts to 3.1%; in the field conditions it varies from 38 to 53% depending on the terms of sowing. Optimal time of seed sowing is autumn. To create sustainable long-lived plants for seeds spaced planting (60x60, 60x45 cm) should be used. The maximum seed productivity was obtained from plants of a third year of life, grown on an area of 60x30 cm (212.7 g/m²), when the average area for perennials is 120-130 g/m². Potential and real seed productivity is high; the proportion of fruit reaches 42-71%, depending on a plant age and seasonal weather conditions. Thus, there is stable assurance of producing seeds and creation of reserve seeds with a storage life of up to three years of perennial species of hill mustard in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic.

Grain sorghum is the most essential fodder and food crop with a range of advantages. The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of grain sorghum's seed-growing and to carry out the analysis of varietal composition, the amount of planted seeds according to the categories, and of the areas planted with sorghum in the Rostov region in 2012-2014. There is a low amount of areas planted with sorghum and they don’t exceed 170 000 ha in Ru ssia, with no more than 60 000 ha in the Rostov region. One of the main reasons of insufficient distribution of the crop are the difficulties in seed growing, namely a late maturation of seeds (September, October), which impedes harvesting and reduces the quality of sowing characteristics. In the Rostov region it’s possible to obtain high quality seeds if apply high agricultural technology, compl y with the rules of seed-growing and choose proper varietal composition. A significant part of the varieties and the hybrids of grain sorghum (48.9%) included in the State Register of breeding achievements has been recommended for cultivation in the North-Caucasus region. The varieties of FSBSI All-Russian Research Institute of Grain Crops named after I.G Kalinenko occupy the largest part (51.3-73.3%) of all the areas planted with sorghum in the Rostov region. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Rostov region there is an increase of the amount of sown grain sorghum seeds of different categories from 2 950 hwt in 2012 to 11 100 hwt in 2014. It leads to significant increasing of areas planted with sorghum in the Rostov region from 14 500 to 58 300 hectares.

The article presents the results of the evaluation of the SN-37 initial material created on the basis of local wild populations at open pollination with geographically distant forms from the world collection of VIR, by repeatedly selecting. Variety Pervenets is used as a standard. Accumulation of dry matter and nutritive value were determined by the phases of development in the phase of stem elongation (June, 4-10), earing (June, 20-25), beginning of flowering (July, 3-5), the aftermath - after the mowing in the phase of stem elongation August, 1-2). In the first year of use (2013) due to weak development of plants explained by biological features, in the phase of the leaf tube formation the dry matter yield of SN-37 was 2.5 t/ha, of standard - 2.2 t/ha. During the period of earing the accumulation of dry mass has almost doubled and the yield of CH-37 was 5.2 t/ha (standard - 5.0 t/ha); at flowering stage respectively 6.7 and 6.3 t/ha; of aftermath -4.4-4.7 t/ha. In the second year (2014) a significant increase in yield was marked. In the phase of leaf tube formatting variety SN-37 forms 4.7 t/ha of dry weight, the standard - 3.6 t/ha; while earing respectively 8,2 and 7.0 t/ha; at flowering phase - 9.9 and 8.2 t/ha; the aftermath (after cutting in the phase of stem elongation) - 4.3 and 3.4 t/ha. On average for two years yield of dry mass of SN-37 in all phases of development were significantly higher than standard; at two mowings -by 15.9%. Nutrient values of the varieties differed slightly, however, due to higher yields in SN-37 yield of crude protein per 1 ha at single mowing was 0.89 t/ha, while at two mowing - 1.23 t/ha, which is 3.5-15.9% more than standard.

An analysis of the reasons for non-compliance of long fiber output at flax stock processing on scutching-and-breaking machine and on the laboratory machine according to GOST 24383-89 was done. Among the reasons there are a line of conditions of trusts preparation to treatment and its implementation. With this in mind, as well as the previously received theoretical model, a new method is proposed for processing on a laboratory machine - at the initial filing of butt sections. On an experimental batch aligned along the length of the stems, fiber yield on the laboratory machine according to the State Standard and to the new method consistents with control (factory set). If there is a significant portion of short stems in raw materials, than approximately doubled to control excedded fiber output is fixed at laboratory machine according to GOST; there is the correspondence to control at processing by the new method. At processing of trusts of six flax varieties by three methods different values of yield in comparison with the processing at the factory unit in favor of the proposed method, on average, 17% are determined. The correlation coefficient between the output of the long fibers in a control and laboratory machine at the initial processing of butt portions is 0.68. The proposed method - the initial processing of butt areas at the processing of the trusts on a lab machine, is a way to minimize the differences in the estimates of the output of long fiber in the factory unit and a laboratory machine according to GOST. The latter is especially important when there is a significant portion of short stems.

Results of long-time stationary field experiment on application of mineral fertilizers on the sod-podzolic middle-clay soil generated on eluvia of Perm's clay are presented in article. There is a seventh rotation of six-field grain-fallow-grass crop rotation began in 1972-1974. The experiment pattern is a part of full factorial scheme and includes 22 variants. Dozes of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are varying from 30 till 150 kg of acting matter. Barley Abava was cultivated after winter rye that follows pure fallow. Productivity of barley increased with increase in doses of fertilizers, but additions of yield is decreasing with each next doze. Productivity of barley grain is defined basically by application of nitric and phosphoric fertilizers and their interaction. Potassium fertilizers made essential impact on yield value only at their joint entering with the nitric. For barley variety Abava Ш0Р90К90 can be considered as an optimum dose which has provided productivity of 3.41 t/ha that is 2.4 times higher than without fertilizers input. At following increasing of fertilizer's doze addition of yield was insignificant in most cases. Recoupment of 1 kg of acting matter of entering fertilizers with basic production changes by a similar way. A greatest recoupment was in variants with minimum doses of nitric and phosphoric fertilizers: N60 - 15.8; К60Р60 - 13.4; Ш0Р30К30 - 11.6 kg; the lowest one -in variants: К60 - 3.8; К120 - 1.3 kg. Each next doze of fertilizers leads to lowering of barley grain's recoupment with minimum at N150P150K150 equal to 4.9 kg. Volume weight of barley grain is dependent mainly on weather conditions during growth season and harvesting time. At dry 2013 there is noted tendency to lowering the parameter with increasing of fertilizers' doze. Nitric fertilizers have raised protein content and have lowered starch content in grain. Phosphorus-and-potassium fertilizers have not affected grain quality.

Topic areas of research in the design of microbiological agents to plant industry and crop farming are formulated taking into account the specific soil and climatic conditions, characteristics of agricultural production and phytosanitary condition of crops in the North-East of the European part of Russia, as well as on the basis of the analysis of the Russian market of biopesticides in the region. Term "microbiological preparations" in this article is used for means which active basis are living cells of beneficial microorganisms. The key moments in the development of new microbial agents for use in the specific conditions of the region under study are the following: creation of new drugs should be based on microbial agents adapted to the given conditions. Polyfunctional association of microorganisms resistant to high soil acidity, low environment temperature, and soil drought that contribute to protection of plants against pathogens, enriching soil with available to plants biological nitrogen, as well as phosphorus and potassium have become a base of drugs. Urgent is the development of micro-biological preparations for protection of perennial grasses, oats and rye. At the absence of bio-fungicides against brown spot, askohitosis, anthrac-nose, rust of perennial grasses, as well as snow mold, ergot, Alternaria (on grain), brown leaf rust of cereals study of possibilities of its creating has scientific and practical interest.

Technology of winter wheat cultivation after clean fallow with use of domestic agricultural machinery and regionalized varieties of local breeding were studied. Extensive technology focused on the use of the natural background of soil fertility, including tillage without application of fertilizers and plant protection products. Normal technology includes soil tillage with application of starter doses of fertilizer and minimal use of plant protection from weeds and diseases. The intensive technology is designed for obtaining the planned yield with high grain quality and integrated system of plant protection, using domestic technological means. The technologies used for winter wheat supply a favorable water-air and nutrient regimes of the soil and optimum blend of fertilizers and plant protection products with various methods of primary tillage. Therefore, the actual level of intensification of agricultural technologies on farms can be selected depending on production and resource potential of the producers. The highest yield of winter wheat is noted at the system of ploughing on option with programmable system of fertilizers and integrated plant protection 3.11 t/hectares, yield of grain on this option amounted to 0.35 t/ha. Assessment of economic efficiency of application of mineral fertilizers and plant protection products has shown that the cost of winter wheat increased by 9.512.9% in comparison with the control variants. The cost of labour for primary tillage decreased by 2.6-6.1%, and on means of protection and fertilizers on options increased by 7.1-25.0%. The highest net income from 1 hectare and higher profitability provided options for differentially-minimized tillage without plant protection products, using the supporting system of fertilizers.

Deficiencies and ways of improving of resource potential management of game animals in Russia are considered on example of moose and roe deer. Intensity of moose extraction is unprecedented low: 0.028 individuals/1000 hectares of forest that is 122 times less than in the Scandinavian countries. The value of increase of live- stock till winter is for moose 21.6 %, for roe deer 30.0%. Winter mortality for moose is 4.1, roe deer 4.5 of quotas, or 17.8 and 27.2%, respectively. The annual growth rate of moose is 1.31%; of roe deer - 2.82%. The small difference between the values of growth and mortality (moose 3.8% of the N_wra; roe deer 2.8% of N_wra) is the reason for the low growth rate of population, population density, intensity of extraction according to permissions. One must change the order of conducting of accounting by differentiating on the methods, terms and techniques. The rules of quota selection and control of production, distribution of permissions, organization and technology of hunting must be reviewed. Conception on resource management of game animals must be communal designed and adopted in State level; it must be form as a state-funded program with permanent institutions and algorithms of implementation. The transition to integrated environmental management in our country will require not only ecological studies, but legal foundations of land use focused on the complexity. Feasible and urgently needed goal for the nearest future is the improvement of the monitoring system and the quota system as well as the eradication of poaching not only by enhancing the control and repressive measures, but also by improving management of resource potential.

Skulls of 37 European badger were examined. Skulls were distributed in ranks according to the degree of transformation of the chewing surfaces of molars in the upper and lower jaw. In each row the skulls with the most typical age-related changes of the chewing surfaces of molars is selected. Then the age was determined by the number of annual layers of dentin on a longitudinal section of the upper canines. Visually noticeable transformation of chewing surfaces begins with the third year of badger's life. At first tops of tubercles and ridges in the center of the molars disappear. On the fourth and fifth years of life tops of tubercles and ridges on the lateral side of the molars begin to disappear. At the age of six and seven years chewing surface in the center of molars becomes flat. The edges of the teeth are oval. At badgers in the age of 8 - 10 years there has been a partial or complete degradation of the molars in the lower jaw. Probably the teeth of the lower jaw are experiencing the greatest physical stress during grinding feed. The most varied is chewing surface of molars in individuals under the age of six - ten years. Age of the oldest individual in the sample is defined as 14 years. Molars of the upper and lower jaw were subjected to considerable degradation. In left mandibular one molar was absent. Location of molars is completely overgrown with bone tissue. The maximum life span of the European badger is about 18 years. It is not possible to correlate precisely changes of the chewing surfaces of teeth with specific stages of age badgers, except for the individuals of the first 4-5 years of life.

It is known that all of manure utilization systems have a negative impact on the environment. The factors of negative influence of enterprises on livestock products’ performance are divided into two groups: dependent and independent on the applied technological and technical solutions. The first is due to physiological characteristics of animals' life and is poor correctable; the second is depended on the applied technologies and technical tools and allows to influence the environmental pollution’s degree. The economic losses only from the manure fertilizer resources incomplete use are reached 165.0 billion rubles including: 35.0-40.0 bn rubles because of a crop shortage; 14.5-15.0 bn rubles due to the CO₂ emission; 39.7- 84.5 bn rubles because of the unused manure placement. The important point of manure fertilizer resources’ inefficient use is soil fertility declining. So the losses of humus in Russian soils reach 30%, and the damage for losses of different types of soil is estimated from 81.4 till 739.2 thousand rubles/ha. The way out of this situation is possible through the creation of a mechanism of financial interest’s establishment as to of livestock products’ producers in the manure waste disposal as the state subsidy in the amount of the level determined by the soil fertility changing rate. Normative document like this may be based on the integrated techno-economic evaluation of manure utilization systems’ methodology that takes into account all costs, beginning with the livestock buildings’ manure cleaning system establishment till benefit from the livestock enterprises organic fertilizers’ using.

Chippers designed for chopping wood at the sawmill waste, produce of wood chips could be used in agriculture; they used at development of lands derived from the rotation overgrown with undergrowth and bushes. The improvement and optimization of parameters of chipper RB-750 with a combined working body, the effectiveness of which depends on a number of structural factors: the angle tightening angle pinch location shearbar and others is conducted in Vyatka State Agricultural Academy. Angle of incidence in the cutting process changes its value and affects the strength of the material tightening with knife. The maximum value of a tightening force is possible at the smallest impact angle, but it degrades the quality of the finished product. To justify the design parameters of the working body theoretical research were conducted with the consideration of two major cases: when the angle of incidence is less and more than 90°. The obtained dependences allow to determine the parameters of the cutting pair providing material delay at changing cutting conditions: the ratio of the components of the cutting force; the coefficient of friction of material on the surface of working bodies. Experimental studies on confirming of the theoretical assumptions were made in a laboratory machine which allows to register the effect of a tightening of sample material with knives of grinding drum of the working body. Completed experiments yielded a regression model that characterizes the effect of investigated factors on the strength of a material tightening with knives. The experimental results confirm the theoretical assumptions put forward and allow to draw conclusions about the optimal values of the factors: angle of delaying у = 4.5...4.8°; location of shearbar below the horizontal axis of the drum on 20...21 mm; angle of crushing material х = 30°.

Modem methods of grain production require resource-saving technologies of cultivation of crops. In accordance with the JSC «Malmyzhsky factory for repair of diesel engines» (Russia, Kirov Region) wide-seeding machine «AGRAER-850H» was designed and manufactured. One of the distinguishing features of this unit from existing analogues is the use of pneumatic conveying system for radial fan driven by an internal combustion engine. The aim of research was to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of the generator airflow for the pneumatic system of wide trailer seeding machine. Ventilyator «CRARY» from seeding machine «HORSH Agro-Soyuz» SW 10500 was used as the test generator of air flow on the seeding system. The fan has a diameter of the impeller D2 = 330 mm, wheels working width BK = 65 mm, number of blades z = 44 pcs, blade chordal width b = 25 mm, the blade thickness t = 2 mm. The diameter of the outlet fan is 135 mm, and the entrance window - 250 mm; dimensions of length, width and height, respectively, have the following meanings: 495x152x532 mm. The drive fan is an internal combustion engine «HONDA GX-690" (Japan). Experimental machine made it possible to adjust the air flow by changes in the speed of the crankshaft of the engine and to carry out measurements of the parameters of the air flow. Tests were performed at the fan speed nv of impeller from 3000 to 3700 min-1, which corresponds to the air flow Qv on the outlet pipe of the fan from 2412 to 2960 m3/h. On the investigated range of air flow Qv Nv рower to drive the fan is from 4.25 to 7.98 kW; coefficient of efficiency nv of the fan has a value of 0.453; total pressure Pu is in the range from 2889 to 4395 Pa, and a dynamic pressure Pdu from 1155 to 1739 Pa. A graphic representation of characteristics of an experienced fan and motor «HONDA GX-690» is presented. Comparative analysis of the dependence indicates that the optimum operating range of the centrifugal fan of pneumatic transport system of seeding machine «AGRAER-850H» consistents with the manufacturers recommended operating range of the engine «HONDA GX690». Designed fan can be used with this engine for planting crops in Russia.

Mixed viral-bacterial respiratory infections in calves remain a most actual problem for the veterinary medicine. Conditions due to modern livestock management practices cause rise of morbidity for respiratory infections in calves to 90-100%. In 20-30- day old calves there is a critical period because of expenditure and destruction of natural colostral protective factors in the background of insufficiency of own immunogenesis. In this period the feeding changes and the calves are transferred from individual to group housing. All these changes cause stress. Respiratory infections occur and develop as mixed infections associated with different combinations of viruses complicated by bacterial agents. The effect of drug mix-ture“lmmoveton-Aero” on immunological parameters in clinically healthy calves in the critical period of calf-rearing was evaluated. Use of this drug mixture in the form of an aerosol spray at the doses of 4,0 and 5,0 ml/m³ was found to optimize initially reduced immunological parameters in healthy calves characterized by increase of relative number of T- and B-lymphocytes by 38,32% and 45,41% respectively, of absolute number of T- and B-lymphocytes by 47 and 50%, of functional activity of blood neutrophils in spontaneous and induced tests by 23, 21% and 38,18% respectively, of levels of IgG by 30 and 27%, of IgM by 22 and 11% respectively, of lysozyme activity of blood serum by 73 and 64% when compared with the background study. The stimulating influence of drug mixture in the form of an aerosol spray on immunological parameters in clinically healthy calves in the critic period of their rearing in farms with high prevalence of mixed respiratory infections was revealed and confirmed.