The creation of a highly effective model for diagnosing liver diseases of various genesis (including subclinical forms) in animals is one of the most urgent problems of veterinary science. Currently, there is a need to create more specific than "classical" tests for a clear differentiation of various pathologies of the hepatobiliary system, including diseases characterized by the absence of pathognomonic clinical or laboratory signs. One of the extremely promising predictors of such pathologies is bile acids (BA) and their pool. The main goal of the study is to search and analyze information from scientific publications dedicated to the study of the BA’s pool in various animal species, its changes in various pathologies of the hepatobiliary system and its diagnostic value. In English and Russian, in accordance with the recommendations of H. Snyder, various bibliographic databases (Elibrary, Pubmed, Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivat)) were searched for thematic publications by keywords with further highlighting the most cited ones. Articles published before 2015 were used only if they contained information critical to the better understanding of the topic, or it was not found in later publications. Based on the literature analysis, it can be concluded that liver diseases affect the synthesis and metabolism of bile acids. Therefore, BAs separately and their pool are studied and utilized as diagnostic and prognostic markers. However, it is not yet clear how the etiology of liver diseases affects the composition of bile acids. It should also be noted that in different animals there are differences in the BA pool, as well as in the details of their metabolism. This indicates differences in the specificity, affinity, and activity of enzymes involved in BA synthesis. Thus, BAs also affect the etiopathogenesis of diseases of the hepatobiliary system differently for each animal species, and, conversely, etiopathogenetic factors change the pool of BAs depending on the individual characteristics of the species.

Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) causes significant economic losses in pig production around the world. The virus is highly contagious and spreads both by aerosol and with all biological secretions, and the disease itself is characterized by fever, weight loss and abortion of fetuses. This swine disease is relatively new, for the first-time clinical signs were described in 1986, and in 1991 the pathogen was isolated. The main problems hindering the fight against the virus currently remain: the insufficient effectiveness of existing vaccines, the high genetic variability of the pathogen, the ability of PRRSV to suppress the host's immune system, and long-term virus carriers in recovered animals. The review on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome presents data on the genetic diversity of virus strains that differ in the degree of virulence and pathogenicity, sources of infection and ways of transmission of the virus. The article also contains data on the spread of PRRS in the world and in Russia. It is noted that the disease has been reported in many swine-producing countries, where, after a phase of active spread, the disease became endemic. And in 2021, according to the to the International Epizootic Bureau (OIE), outbreaks of PRRSV were detected in domestic pigs in Ecuador, Uruguay, Nepal, China, Bahrain, Switzerland and Ukraine, as well as in wild boars in Bahrain, Switzerland and Ukraine. According to the published data of monitoring studies conducted in the period from 2012 to 2017, only single territorially limited outbreaks were detected in Russia. Earlier studies indicate a wide distribution of the PRRS pathogen in Russia. The effectiveness of various variants of live and inactivated vaccines is described in detail, and it has been established that live attenuated vaccines are most effective against PRRS. The features of the protection of the territory of a number of states (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland) from the introduction of the pathogen, which by now remain free from PRRS, as well as the experience of Hungary in the eradication of the disease, are analyzed. All preventive measures in the pig farm in case of detection of the virus should include general, veterinary-sanitary and special measures, for diagnosis it is better to use modern RT-PCR test systems that allow distinguishing PRRS genotypes, in combination with serological tests, and for vaccination choose a registered and approved vaccine based on the genetic characteristics of the pathogen circulating in the area.

The present review analyzes the problem of accumulation and utilization of bark and bark-wood waste from wood-working and pulp and paper industries. The methods of utilization are systematized, which differ for "fresh" bark and bark-wood waste of a long shelf life. The essence of biotechnological methods of deep biotransformation of bark-wood waste of long shelf life is described in more detail: composting with the use of mineral fertilizers, stimulation of native microflora, use of activated sludge and artificial consortia of microorganisms, creation of biotechnical systems in the body of bark dumps, solid-phase fermentation of bark-wood waste by xylotrophic fungi. Successful examples of the implementation of methods of biotransformation of bark-wood waste of long-term storage in the bark dumps of pulp and paper enterprises of the Perm Region of Rusian Federation are given. The algorithm of utilization of bark-wood waste by solid-phase fermentation with the help of xylotrophic fungi at the bark dumps of Syktyvkar woodworking plant (Republoc of Komi, Russia) is proposed in order to obtain soil-like substrates and fertilizers, fruit bodies of edible xylotrophic fungi and valuable fungal metabolites for medicine.

The variety of spring triticale adapted to the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of Russia was developed in cooperation with Belorussian scientists using the method of intraspecific hybridization of ecologically distant forms. The results of this variety study in the varietal tests of 2015-2020 on gray forest medium loamy and sod-podzolic sandy soils of the Vladimir region and in the Republic of Belarus are presented. The new variety had high yield of 6.06 t/ha, on average, over 7 years of variety testing on gray forest soils. Yield increase to the standard variety Normann was 0.81 t/ha or 13.3 %. An intensive type variety. In a favorable year the yield in the variety testing reached 8.71 t/ha, the increase to the standard variety was 17.1 %. A medium-ripened, medium-sized variety Slovo matured 1-3 days earlier than the standard Normann variety and the new Dobroye variety. The Slovo variety was characterized by group resistance to diseases (powdery mildew, types of rust and smut), weak susceptibility to leaf and ear septoria, stress resistance to abiotic stressors (drought resistance 8.2 points, lodging resistance 5 points). The new variety like the standard Normann variety, is intended for cultivation using technologies of various intensity levels. It can be grown on different soils according to its granulometric texture and availability of mineral nutrition elements. On sandy sod-podzolic soils, the average yield was 4.20 t/ha, that of the standard variety was 4.15 t/ha. In addition to high productivity, the new variety was characterized by high quality of feed grain, the increase in protein per hectare to the standard Norman variety was 114 kg/ha. Since 2022, the Slovo variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the Central (3) and Volga-Vyatka (4) regions of the Russian Federation. It is recommended in feed production for grain cultivation, as well as for monofodder.

In the southern zone of Rostov region there were studied seeding rates (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 million pcs/ha) and sowing dates (the 10th, 20th, 30th of September, the 10th of October) of Univer soft winter wheat variety according to various forecrops (black fallow and sunflower). The research was carried out in 2020-2021. It has been established that according to the studied predecessors, the Univer variety shows a tendency to form the highest grain yield in the late sowing periods (September, the 30th and October, the 10th): significantly higher by 0.43-0.73 t/ha in comparison with the control sowing on September, the 20th. It was determined that, regardless of the sowing date, according to the «black fallow» predecessor the maximum productivity of 6.33-7.13 t/ha had been obtained with seeding rates of 4 and 5 million pcs/ha, and 4.16-4.80 t/ha with seeding rates of 6 and 7 million pcs/ha when sown after sunflower. The least productivity but the highest protein and gluten percentage in the variety was identified in the variant with the minimum seeding rate (1 million pcs/ha) and was 5.08-6.09 t/ha sown after the black fallow with 13.7-14.3 and 25.0-26.0 %, respectively; 3.00-3.59 t/ha sown after sunflower with 13.6-14.0 and 22.9-24.3 %, respectively. With a sowing rate increase, high productivity was due to the number of productive stems. When sown after black fallow, the greatest economic effect of Univer variety was obtained when sown on the 10th of September with a seeding rate of 5 million pcs/ha. When sowing in later dates, there was an increase of efficiency of lower seeding rates of 2, 3 and 4 million pcs/ha. When sown after sunflower, there was a high economic effect with seeding rates of 5, 6 and 7 million pcs/ha at all sowing dates.

Ten winter rye varieties of Russian breeding were evaluated by yield in the conditions of Kirov region. The average yield of winter rye varieties during the research period of 2015-2021 was 2.64 t/ha and varied by years from 1.39 t/ha (2016, index of environmental conditions (Ij) = -1.25) to 4.22 t/ha (2015, Ij = 1.58). The variation of average yield by varieties was from 1.64 (Saratovskaya 7) to 3.62 t/ha (Flora). The proportion of the influence on the yield of the factor "conditions of the year" was 43 %, of the factor "variety" − 28 %. Different adaptability and environmental sustainability of winter rye varieties are indicated by: coefficients of plasticity (bi) – 0.40...1.39, stability (σd2) – 0.25...1.07, multiplicity (KM) – 1.31...2.97, adaptability (CA) – 56.3...142.4, variation (V) − 25...87 %; phenotypic stability factor (SF) − 1.9...20.5; yield spread (d) − 0.47...0.95, home-ostability (Hom) − 0.02...0.13 and stress tolerance (Y2 - Y1) – -2.28...-3.62. Based on the summation of the ranks according to 9 indicators of adaptability and environmental stability of the «yield» trait, the varieties most adapted to the limiting environmental factors (Falenskaya 4, Alice, Rushnik and Flora) have been chosen.

The article presents the results of evaluation of 19 collection accessions of fiber flax in the conditions of the North-West of Russia (Tver region). The experiments were carried out in 2015-2017 on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil. The most favorable conditions for the formation of high yields of flax fiber were formed in 2017 (Ij = 0.52), for flax seeds ‒ in 2015 (Ij = 0.07). According to the flax fiber yield, such varieties as Tost 3, Atlant (Russia), Evea (France), Alizee, Merylin, (Holland) have been noted, their yield was in the range of 1.65 (Atlant) ... 2.18 (Evea) t/ha, which is 17.0...51.3 % higher than the standard Alfa variety. The variability of this trait in domestic varieties Tost 3 and Atlant is average (CV = 22.58 and 33.31 %, respectively). The varieties of West European breeding Evea, Alizee, Merylin have high variability (CV = 35.02…41.70 %). Varieties Merylin, Evea and Atlant also showed a high yield of flax seeds 0.77...0.82 t/ha with the variability level of 21.31...28.58 %. These genotypes significantly exceeded the average value for this trait – coefficient of adaptability (CA) was 1.10…1.25. According to the results of a comprehensive assessment of fiber flax accessions, including the yield of fiber and seeds, as well as their adaptive properties - stress resistance (Y2 - Y1), genetic flexibility and compensatory ability (Y1 + Y2 / 2), stability (d), the highest indicators were shown by the varieties Tost 3, Atlant and Evea. These genotypes are a valuable source material in fiber flax breeding for adaptability. The expansion of sown areas under these varieties in the conditions of the North-West region of Russia will contribute to solving the problem of the country's raw material supply.

The article presents the results of many years of research (2011-2021) on determining the quality of Hungarian clover (Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.) seeds of Snezhok variety obtained in the conditions of Kirov region (North-East of the European part of Russia). The weight of 1000 seeds averaged 4.16 g with changes over the years from 3.83 to 4.60 g and depended on the amount of precipitation (r = 0.71), the hydrothermal coefficient during the flowering period of grass stands (r = 0.69), average daily and daytime air temperatures during the "flowering-the beginning of maturation" period (r = -0.70). On average, the length of the seeds was 2.45 mm, width – 1.93 mm; thickness – 1.40 mm. According to the ratio of these parameters, the seeds had an ovoid and ellipsoid (elongated) shape. The size of the seed material (integral indicator) did not exceed 2.0 mm. In years with greater moisture availability (98-189 % to the norm) large seeds were formed (from 1.92 to 2.00 mm), with insufficient moisture (64-81 %) ‒ small seeds (1.78 mm). According to the initial germination indicators, all seed material met the requirements of GOST R 52325-2005 and was classified as "original seeds". Germination and germinating energy were 86.7-99.5 and 80.0-97.0 %, respectively, they depended on the average daily air temperature during the "budding-seed ripening" period (r = 0.66 and 0.68) and remained at a high level for the first three to four years of storage. The seed material had mainly a low content of hard seeds (1.5-7.0 %). In some years, the "hard-seeding" of freshly harvested seeds reached 20.0-36.0%, however, after the post-harvest ripening period, it significantly decreased. The freshly harvested seeds had a yellow color, which gradually changed to beige-brown or brown-beige during storage. Regression analysis showed a strong relationship between the color of seeds of different storage periods and germination rates. The presence of a large number of yellow seeds in the batch indicated to their high germinating energy (r = 0.98) and germination (r = 0.95). the predominant content of brown seeds indicated to the loss of seed sowing qualities (r = -0.94 and r = -0.91, respectively).

Studied were the yield, biochemical composition, tasting and consumer quality indicators of 24 hybrid forms and 12 varieties of cherry bred by the Dagestan Breeding Experimental Station of Fruit Crops. The research was carried out using conventional methods of analysis and standard methods of cherry variety studying. Of the group of varieties of early-medium ripening, the best distinguished by a high content of soluble dry substances, sugars and vitamin C were the varieties Zhemchuzhnaya, Granatovaya, Almaznaya, Bigarro Krainskogo, Bereket, and hybrid forms 31/7; 109/1 and 180/1 in which the mass concentration of these substances ranged from 12.4-14.7 %; 10.34-12.85 % and 6.9-9.5 mg%, respectively. Among the varieties of medium ripening, the largest ability to accumulate soluble dry substances, sugars and vitamin C in fruits was shown by the varieties Bujnakskaya chernaya, Lezginka, Maral and hybrids numbered 43/2; 190/4 and 71/3 in which the content of these components of the chemical composition was 12.4-16.6 %; 10.53-12.19 % and 7.2-9.2 mg%, respectively. The best indicators of fetal weight, compared to the control variety of cherries Dagestanka (7.4 g) in the group of varieties of early-medium maturation were shown by: Zhemchuzhnaya (8.0 g); Granatovaya (8.2 g) and Bereket (8.3 g). Among the varieties of medium ripening, a more significant mass of the fruit compared to the control variety Napoleon chernaya (7.2 g) was in the varieties Maral (7.4 g) and Bujnakskaya chernaya (8.3 g). The highest overall tasting rating (4.9-5 points) was received by the fruits of the varieties Granatovaya, Bereket, Zhemchuzhnaya, Lezginka, Bujnakskaya chernaya and Maral. The same varieties had good indicators of average yield (t/ha): Granatovaya – 9.78; Bereket – 8.72; Bujnakskaya chernaya – 7.59 and Maral – 7.54. Taking into account the results of the studies carried out, it can be concluded that the varieties of cherry bred by the Dagestan Breeding Experimental Station of Fruit Crops Granatovaya, Bereket, Buinakskaya chernaya and Maral the fruits of which have the best agronomic characters and high commodity and consumer qualities, can be submitted for state variety testing and used in breeding work.

The studies were carried out in the conditions of the northern part of the Arkhangelsk region in the period 2017-2021. The purpose of the research is to determine the abundance and species composition during the annual monitoring of the flight of winged aphids on potato plantations, to establish patterns of insect migration. To catch winged individuals, yellow water traps were used, installed along the perimeter of the field at the beginning of the potato germination phase. The last extraction of the catch was carried out after the desiccation of the potato tops. As a result of the monitoring, 22 species of winged aphids were identified. Of the total number, direct and potential vectors of viruses are represented by 6 species ‒ Acyrthosiphum pisum Harr., Aphis fabae Scop., Aphis nasturtii Kalt., Aulacorthum solani Kalt., Hyperomyzus lactucae L., Rhopalosiphum padi L., their share in the abundance structure ranged from 69.8 to 91.7 %. From the group of aphids-carriers of viruses, 5 species annually migrate to plantings: A. corni F., A. fabae Scop., A. nasturtii Kalt., A. solani Kalt., R. padi L. The total number of winged aphids ranged from 61 individuals in 2020 to 107 individuals in 2018, and in 2021 there was an outbreak of mass reproduction R. padi L. and A. fabae Scop., which increased the total number of captured winged aphids to 1778 individuals. In the period from 2017 to 2020, the prevalence of virus vectors corresponded to a low value (16-27 individuals per 1 water trap), in 2021, against the background of an outbreak of mass reproduction, the prevalence of virus vectors increased to an average value (445 winged individuals per 1 water trap during the growing season). The accumulation of a large migratory potential of aphids occurs under favorable weather conditions in the winter and spring periods, and also, if possible, feed on the primary food plant for a long time. If the host plant is unsuitable for feeding, aphids migrate in search of food, as a result of which their number decreases.

The oat fly (Oscinella frit L.) is a dangerous pest in oat crops. Studies on resistance to phytophagus were conducted in 2016-2021. The stability of 200 promising lines and varieties bred by the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the Nort-East named N. V. Rudnitsky was evaluated in the nursery of a competitive test under natural conditions for the development of the pest according to the scale of the All-Russian Research Institute for Plant Protection, the percentage of the stem damage by larvae was determined on the basis of "drying of the central leaf during the period "tillering-shooting" trait. The best conditions for the development of the pest were formed in 2016. (Ij = 3.0) and 2021 г. (Ij = 2.7), with maximum plant damage of 34 % in hulled and 22 % in naked genotypes, respectively. Unfavorable conditions for the phytophagus developed in 2017 (Ij = -2.7) and 2019. (Ij = -2.9) – damage to plants did not exceed 3 %. In 2018 and 2020, with the index of environmental conditions close to zero (Ij = -0.41 and 0.10, respectively), the damage of oat plants by the oat fly (Oscinella frit (L.) did not exceed 5 %. The studies established an inverse correlation between the damage of oats by the oat fly and the HTC during the "sowing-tillering" period (r = -0.73), total (r = -0.30...-0.39) and productive bushiness (r = -0.59...-0.77), grain yield (r = -0.20...-0.61). A direct correlation was established between plant damage and the plasticity of genotypes to damage (r = 0.88). Lines with minimal stem damage have been selected: 233h12, 394h12, 251h14, 194h13, 63h11, 21h12o, 153h13, 157h13, 65h11, 72h11. Low plasticity was noted in the lines: 178h13, 4h14, 114h12, 4h12, their yield did not change significantly from the amount of damage by oat fly (Oscinella frit (L.). The most stable according to the studied trait were the lines: 4h14, 178h13, 2h12o, 63h11, 4h12 and varieties Sapsan, Falenets.

The laboratory and field study of the dresser Delete Pro SC (suspension concentrate) effectiveness against anthracnose agent and other lupin diseases was carried out in Bryansk region in 2019-2021. Seeds, seedlings and sowings of the narrow-leaf lupin of Vityaz variety were the objects for the research. In the laboratory the effectiveness of Delete Pro (piraclostrobine 200 g/l) was tested in three doses of use (0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 l/t). Biological effectiveness was estimated by the number of infected seedlings grown in paper-and- polyethylene rolls compared to the control (without treatment). The dose 1.5 l/t had the high biological effectiveness against anthracnose (99.4 %). The total germination and the number of seeds with strong seedlings made 99.6 % and 90.4 %, respectively. The length of the roots and hypocotyl of the seedlings reliably increased by 9.4 and 10.6 mm, respectively. In the field test the seeds were treated with 1.5 l/t Delete Pro a month before sowing. The effectiveness of the fungicide was compared to the control variant without treatment. The average dresser biological effectiveness against anthracnose seed infection was 94.3 % during tests years. By the stage of brilliant pod the infected pods number decreased to 3.2 compared to 21.1 % in the control. Fusarium infection decreased from 20.1 % in the control to 13.7 % in the variant; risoctonia solari infection decreased from 9.4 % to 3.0 %. The development of Botrytis blight on the pods decreased 2.8 times. The significant true (LSD05 = 0.82) increasing of seed germination made 13.3 % and survival of productive plants by the harvest period increased by 32.4 %. Due to the application of the fungicide dresser Delete Pro SC (1.5 l/ha), the significant seed yield rise was 0.75 t/ha (LSD05 = 0.03); the cost recovery was 5.11 rubles.

The experimental results of betaine-aldehyde additive use in young quail diets rations have been provided. To conduct the experiment, two groups of Phoenix quails at the age of 10 days fed with complete compound feed were formed. Poultry of the second group received betaine-aldehyde additionally with drinking water (Sumus LLC, Kazan). It has been established that in the second group receiving the experimental supplement, live weight and average daily gains were significantly greater in males than in control groups by 2.6 % (P≤000.1) and 7.9 % in females, by 4.5 % (P≤0.01) and 12.7 % (P≤0.001), respectively. In the second group of quails, the slaughter weight increased by 7.8 %, the mass of the ungutted carcass by 8.8 %, the half-gutted and the gutted carcass ‒ by 8.7 %, the yield of edible parts ‒ by 11.3 % and muscles by 13.5 % (P≤0.01), as well as the relative and absolute mass of the liver and muscular stomach. The use of betaine-aldehyde had no negative effect on the organoleptic indicators of the experimental poultry meat.

To conduct effective animal husbandry and poultry farming, it is necessary to use compound feeds. To prepare them mainly vertical and horizontal mixers are used. With a small consumption of compound feed by the farm, its independent preparation will be the most profitable due to the reduction of time and costs for transportation and storage of finished mixtures. The use of the raw material base of an agricultural enterprise makes it possible to prepare compound feeds that most fully take into account the need of animals for nutrients. It is preferable to use horizontal mixers since they allow to obtain combined feeds with a higher uniformity of component distribution. Experimental studies were conducted in 2021-2022. As the result, there have been obtained mathematical models of the working process of a horizontal mixer, according to which two-dimensional response surfaces were constructed and optimal operating parameters were determined taking into account various design and technological factors. The best mixing quality of 94 % is achieved when the mixing chamber is loaded by 50 %, the rotation speed of the mixer shaft is 13 min-1, the mixing time is 18 minutes. The throughput value reaches the highest value of 2.3 t/h with the amount of material in the mixing chamber of 75 % and the working time of the mixer of 12 minutes, while the rotation speed of the shaft of the combined screw is 17.2 min-1. This allows to reduce labor and energy costs for the development and manufacture of new mixers with belt working bodies and to obtain high-quality feed with minimal costs.

The article provides the research of the state support for agriculture in Russia using the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The overall estimation of support for agricultural producers in Russia, considering not only budget transfers but also price support in 2020 amounted to 749 billion rubles or 12 % of gross revenue. At the same time, budgetary transfers account for 31.9 %. A significant amount is accounted for by the support of the market price, which is estimated through the difference between domestic and reference prices (prices "at the border") by the types of agricultural products. In the case of Russia, pork, poultry and beef producers received more than 655 billion rubles in 2020 as a result of price support. On the contrary, hidden taxation is typical for crop producers; about 308 billion rubles were withdrawn from them because of the pricing policy. However, the high overall market price support for agricultural producers in Russia in 2020 suggests that transfers from consumers exceed transfers in the form of subsidies. For comparison, price support in Russia and the EU on average for 2013-2020 was 44 % and 17 %, respectively. It is shown that in the EU 75% of the total support for agriculture is provided through the least market-distorting forms (support for general services, creation of state reserves to ensure food security), in Russia – 27 %. From the point of view of the sustainability of agriculture, the measures to support general services (infrastructure, science and education, innovation support) have the greatest impact on the volume of gross value added of the industry in Russia. The correlation coefficient for this type of support is the highest - 0.93, while the coefficient of determination is high – 86 %. This leads to the main recommendation on the adjustment of the agrarian budget in favor of supporting general services, which, in addition to the high positive effect on agricultural production, refers to least market-distorting measures and does not have the disadvantage of unequal access to agricultural producers, in contrast to, for example, direct subsidies and concessional loans.