The breeding of high-yielding sunflower varieties and hybrids requires the use of parent material with considerable genetic diversity. It can be identified using molecular genetic markers. The purpose of this study was the genotyping of sunflower lines bred by V. S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK), developed in different ecological areas of cultivation, and to evaluate their genetic diversity using microsatellite loci. For the studies conducted in 2020-2022, there were used 23 lines from the Central experimental base (СEB), 17 lines from L.A. Zhdanov Don experimental station (DES), and 10 lines from the Armavir experimental station (AES). DNA was isolated from seedlings by the CTAB method. Samples were genotyped using 12 SSR markers. PCR products were separated in 8 % denaturing polyacrylamide gel or by capillary electrophoresis in a genetic analyzer. The main indicators of genetic diversity for all collections did not differ significantly from each other, and were moderate and increased in the collections of VNIIMK: AES – DES – CEB -the joint collection. In total there have been identified 37 alleles, an average 3.083 alleles per locus. The effective number of alleles ranged from 1.094 to 3.290 with an average value of 2.154. The values of the polymorphic information content (PIC) index ranged from 0.084 to 0.651, with an average of 0.434. The values of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from zero to 0.071, 0.030, on average, and from 0.086 to 0.696, 0.500, on average, respectively. The number of shared alleles between different collections was 23. Molecular variation analysis revealed that most of the total variance (91 %) was due to differences between lines within each collection and 3 % to differences between collections. According to the results of the cluster analysis, the maternal lines from the collections of the CEB, DES, and AES of VNIIMK were mostly grouped into a cluster or subcluster separate from the paternal ones. The obtained results indicate a moderate genetic diversity of the studied sunflower lines of the breeding of VNIIMK and the existence of small differences between the collections.

Currently, breeders often use multidimensional statistics methods to process a large set of experimental data. To characterize the breeding value of 20 sorghum lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS lines) under arid cultivation conditions, during the research there was applied a cluster analysis, allowing to group the lines into clusters according to similar indicators from 15 analyzed agronomic and physiological characteristics. The studies were carried out during 2019-2021, various in meteorological conditions: the hydrothermal coefficient was 0.59-0.84 during the vegetation period of plants. Cytoplasmic male sterility lines were sown at a density of 100 thousand plants per 1 hectare. Breeding and physiological traits were evaluated according to generally accepted methods. The assessment of agronomic and physiological characteristics was carried out according to generally accepted methods. For further practical work, based on the results of the conducted studies, four CMS lines of grain sorghum (clusters 2, 3, 5) were identified according to a complex of physiological and breeding characteristics. Sterile lines (A2 Vostorg, M35-1А Pischevoe 614, A3 Feterita 14 and A2 KVV 114) were distinguished by the highest seed yield of 3.02-3.50 t/ha, high water content (72.7-73.7 %) and water retention capacity of leaves (72.2-84.3 %), low water deficiency (6.5-8.7 %). The study of moisture loss during the natural wilting of leaves confirmed the high resistance to drought in the flowering phase of the sterile A2 KVV 114 line, in which the intensity of moisture loss after 1 hour was only 9.9 %, 1.5 h – 15.8 % and 24 h – 68.6 %. In breeding for increasing drought resistance the CMS-line A1 Efremovskoe 2 (the sixth cluster) should be noted, as it was inferior to the above-described lines only in terms of low water deficiency (16.5 %), indicating average drought resistance. The line is the tallest with large leaves (length – 46.7 cm, area – 163.8 cm²) and form 3.21 t/ha of seeds on average for the period presented. The use of the obtained data provides the increasing of the breeding process for the creation of productive drought-resistant F1 sorghum hybrids.

Obtaining soybean yield under artificial conditions is possible when developing techniques that provide a high level of mineral nutrition and good illumination, as it is a light demanding crop. In this regard, the objectives of the research included the selection of optimal nutrient substrate and a mineral solution with a ratio of nutrients corresponding to the biological characteristics of soybeans, ensuring the level of illumination of plants for the active flow of photosynthesis and the formation of reproductive organs when growing an early maturing soybean variety Sentyabrinka. The research was carried out in laboratory experiments in 2019-2020 when growing plants on hydroponic installations PGS 2-3. For nutritional conditions, 3 nutrient solutions with different ratios of elements in solution were studied on two types of substrate: high-moor peat and mineral wadding in the form of cubes. To illuminate the plants, OSRAM 36 W fluorescent lamps were used with the intensity of plant illumination controlled by a light meter. For the early maturing variety Sentyabrinka, an illumination level of 19 thousand lux with a day length of 14 hours was used, which ensured active growth, development and fructification of soybean plants with a seed productivity of 0.88 g/plant and a vegetation period of 87 days. A nutrient solution with a content of mineral elements N₁₅₈P₂₅K₁₇₉Ca₁₂₀Mg₄₉ mg/l and an optimal sub-stratum mineral wadding cubes were selected. The use of mineral wadding and nutrient solution N₂₀₀P₁₂₀K₂₀₀Ca₂₈₀Mg₅₀ mg/l increased the number of beans in soybean plants by 3 pcs/plant compared with growing on peat, which led to an increase in the growing season by 3 days compared to the variant where a solution of N₁₅₈P₂₅K₁₇₉Ca₁₂₀Mg₄₉ mg/l was used.

As part of the research there have been developed and published nomenclatural standards of 12 pear varieties bred by Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station: Berezhenaya (WIR-101392), Gvidon (WIR-101393), Dobryanka (WIR-101394), Zarechnaya (WIR-101395), Permyachka (WIR-101397), Raduzhnaya (WIR-101398), Rozovyy Bochonok (WIR-101399), Sverdlovchanka (WIR-101400), Sultan (WIR-101402), Talitsa (WIR-101404), Fleyta (WIR-101405), Chusovaya (WIR-103944). Plant material for nomenclatural standards was selected in the collection of the originator organization with the participation of the creators of these varieties. The herbarium sample of the nomenclature standard of each cultivar is represented mainly by two herbarium sheets containing parts of one plant collected during two periods: fruit and annual shoots ‒ in the fall 2019, flowers ‒ in the spring 2020. The herbarium label indicates: the herbarium number of the sample in the VIR Herbarium, the scientific name of the species, the name of the variety, the origin (the name of the organization in which the variety was created), the place of reproduction (where the plant was grown), the harvest dates, the names of collectors. Herbarium sheets are supplemented with photos of fruits and flowers. Nomenclatural standards are made in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the database "VIR Herbarium" and included in the type collection of Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR). According to the same rules, herbarium samples of 3 elite pear forms (Limonadnaya, Sretenskaya, Tais) were made, registered and included into the Main Fund of the VIR Herbarium. After registration of copyright documents for cultivars, these samples can be assigned as nomenclatural standards. In total, 27 samples in the amount of 27 herbarium sheets were transferred to the herbarium collection. A digital image of herbarium specimen is available in the database «VIR Herbarium» (http://db.vir.nw.ru/herbar/gerb).

Coriander is a common essential oil crop and a source of a number of valuable products. Coriander is grown mainly for oil seeds (fruits) and spicy greens (cilantro). The article presents a comparative assessment of the productivity and adaptability of 14 varieties of coriander in the conditions of the Penza region (forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region). Over the years of research (2020-2022), the duration of the growing season of coriander was, on average for varieties, 89-109 days. Early ripening was noted in varieties Karibe, Borodinsky and Silach (89-92 days). The yield of coriander seeds ranged from 1.41 to 1.83 t/ha, with the maximum values in the Nectar and Santo varieties (1.75 and 1.83 t/ha), 0.15-0.42 t/ha higher other varieties (LSD₀₅ = 0.11). The highest content of fatty oil was noted in the varieties Commander (20.09 %), Venera (19.58 %) and Santo (19.04 %). All varieties had a fairly high adaptive potential: the coefficient of adaptability ranged from 0.85 to 1.19, with the highest values in varieties Nectar (1.19), Santo (1.13) and Karibe (1.12). These varieties had the highest breeding value (1.32-1.42). According to the values of the indicator of the level of stability of the variety (19.09) and the stability index (13.66), the variety Karibe was characterized by the highest stability of the trait "yield". The analysis of the crop structure showed that the varieties Nectar (4.89 g) and Santo (5.49 g) were selected according to the productivity of one plant. The largest fruits were formed in varieties Taiga (10.26 g), Santo (10.94 g) and Karibe (10.85 g). According to the number of fruits in one umbel, 7 varieties are of the greatest interest, in which this indicator reached more than 40 pieces. The maximum number of umbel 21.6 and 22.6 was formed by varieties Nectar and Santo. Evaluation of coriander varieties showed their high adaptive capabilities in contrasting weather conditions of the Penza region.

Under the conditions of the Kirov region in 2020-2022 there were studied 21 varieties of winter rye bred by Russian scientific institutions according to the nature of the relationship in the patho-system "Secale cereale L. – Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.". Under artificial inoculation of flowers with a suspension of the pathogen all the studied varieties were affected by ergot in the range from 3.17 (Graphite FP) to 34.69 % (Saratovskaya 10), with grain contamination with sclerotia – from 0.13 (Graphite FP, Quail) up to 1.87 % (Amber), which indicates their susceptibility to the disease. However, taking into account the signs of "damage by ergot", "contamination of grain with sclerotia" and "yield" for further breeding for ergot resistance, it is possible to recommend varieties Perepel, Lika and Graphite FP (bred by the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N. V. Rudnitsky. The influence of the genotype on the biometry of sclerotia has been revealed. This is indirectly evidenced by the significant variability of their parameters in different varieties of rye, which should be taken into account during the mechanical cleaning of grain. Using the Graphite variety as an example, a significant (P ≥ 095) decrease in the grain content and productivity of an ear has been established when more than two sclerotia are formed in it, and four sclerotia form 1000 grains. With an increase in their number to 11 pieces, this pattern remained unchanged, and the harmfulness of ergot reached 64.05 % (ear grain size), 79.60 % (ear productivity) and 46.32 % (grain size). In the process of regression analysis, it has been established that with an increase in infection of the ear by 1-2 sclerotia, the number of grains in the ear decreases by 4.96 pieces, the mass of grain per ear – by 0.26 g, the grain size – by 2.49 g. The similar calculations with a preliminary analysis of the degree of plant damage can be of prognostic value in assessing the potential harmfulness of ergot.

In increasing the efficiency of breeding work on the creation of spring soft wheat varieties information about the combinational ability of the source material is of great importance. In 2021-2022 in the conditions of the Kirov region the general and specific combinational ability of 8 varieties and 28 hybrids of the second generation of spring soft wheat was studied according to the degree of leaf septoria damage, grain size and yield. The studies were carried out under natural conditions of development on the leaves of Parastagonospora nodorum as the molecular-genetic affiliation of the causative agent of septoria blotch to this species had been established. As the result of the conducted studies, for further breeding work there were selected 14 resistant F2 hybrids characterized by average values of the resistance index and a slow growth of infection. According to the complex of selective-immunological traits, the hybrid Rosinka 2 × Tertsiya was isolated, combining resistance to septoria with a high mass of 1000 seeds (41.6 g) and yield (410.0 g/m²). The tolerant hybrid of the Stepnaya 50 × Daria was particularly noted, which with a high degree of damage (34.2 %) formed a large grain (42.6 g) and the maximum yield for the experiment (411.1 g/m²). The conducted dispersion analysis of the data obtained has shown that the spring wheat variety Tertsiya (Russia) has a significantly high overall combinational ability (ОСА) by all the studied traits and can be their source in breeding programs. Moreover, the Epos variety (Germany) is the most effective as a source of resistance to septoria; Egisar 29, Niva 2, Stepnaya 50 and Rosinka 2 (Russia) are sources of grain size; Daria (Belarus) is a source of high yield. As the result of the analysis of the dominance index in most of the studied hybrids, the additive effect of genes on the manifestation of resistance to leaf septoria and seeds size was found. The effect of heterosis by disease resistance was observed in 21.4 %, by weight of 1000 seeds – in 42.9 % and by productivity – in 50.0 % of the studied hybrid combinations.

Rhizoctoniosis is one of the most common and harmful diseases of potatoes in the North-West of Russia. The degree of its manifestation depends on many factors, including the content of basic nutrients in the soil. In the Leningrad region the effect of prolonged application of organic and mineral fertilizers on the degree and nature of the manifestation of rhizoctoniosis was studied in potato variety Meteor in forage and field crop rotations. By the results of the detailed accounting carried out in 2022 including observation of all potato plantings (43406 in total) it was determined that rhizoctoniosis damage had random distribution character in field crop rotation and focal distribution in forage crop rotation. This conclusion was confirmed by respective coefficients of variation (79 and 87 %) and aggregation (1.0 and 1.5). Spatial heterogeneity of plants damaged by rhizoctoniosis was visualized on digital maps compiled with GIS AFI and Surfer 11 while grouping the data into elementary sections. There was sufficient influence of cultivation and fertilization of different levels on rhizoctoniosis spread. The influence of cultivation was weak and statistically significant only in forage crop rotation, where there was an increase of rhizoctoniosis damage of potato plants (by 1.7-2.5 times compared to low cultivated soil). Under mineral fertilizers application there was a decrease of rhizoctoniosis damage of potato plants both in field crop rotation (by 1.1-1.7 times compared to variant without fertilizers application), and in forage crop rotation (by 1.1-1.3 times). Complex influence of soil cultivation and fertilization of potato plantings caused a decrease of rhizoctoniosis damage of potato tubers by 1.9 and 2.0 times in field and forage crop rotations, respectively.

The article presents the results of experiments obtained in stationary experiments on the basis of grain-fallow and grain-grass crop rotations on meadow-chernozem soil in the Omsk region. The influence of spring wheat precursors (alfalfa of the 3rd year of life and fallow) on individual elements of soil fertility and crop yield has been established. It was revealed that when cultivating spring wheat by fallow in the grain-fallow crop rotation, the nitrogen balance (-28 kg/ha) is negative with an intensity of 66 %. When sowing wheat in grain-grass crop rotation on a layer of perennial grasses, the nitrogen balance is positive (+21.0 kg/ha) and the intensity is 119 %. The favorable effect of the legume component in the crop rotation on the nitrogen regime of the soil significantly increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.5 t/ha in comparison with wheat cultivated in the field crop rotation by bare fallow. Under similar conditions, studies were carried out on irrigated meadowchernozem soil in an eight-field stationary grain-grass crop rotation. The removal of nitrogen by the yield of various perennial grasses, as well as the responsiveness of alfalfa, bromus and sweet clover with productivity parameters to the level of nitrogenphosphorus nutrition, were studied. The current mobilization of nitrogen under these conditions under the vegetative brome without fertilizers was 76 kg/ha. When optimizing the phosphate regime of the soil, this indicator increased to 99 kg/ha.  The removal of nitrogen by alfalfa on similar agricultural backgrounds increases due to symbiotically fixed nitrogen, by 89 and 193 kg/ha, respectively, or 2.2 and 2.9 times. Alfalfa and sweet clover responded positively to the improvement of mineral fertilizing conditions (P₆₀N_60-160). In alfalfa of the 1-5 year of life the collection of green mass and fodder units increased to 40.56 and 7.00 t/ha, respectively, or by 86 and 54 % relative to the control without fertilizers, with 82.76 GJ of exchange energy per hectare. The productivity of sweet clover of the 2nd year of life increased up to 30.85 t/ha of green mass and 2.83 t/ha of fodder units or by 37 and 17 % relative to the control.

Studies on the formation of groundwater levels have been carried out on open and closed drainage systems in the natural and climatic conditions of the Novgorod region for more than 30 years at 2 pilot production sites. On the first site there are 4 structures of closed drainage: shallow with a depth of 70 cm; medium-deep drainage (drainage depth 110 cm) with various options for filling the drainage trench-wood chips and sand-gravel mixture; two-tier drainage (drainage depth 110 and 60 cm). On the second site there are four open drainage structures: channels; hollows – without hydro-reclamation structures; with drainage along the bottom-tubular and strip-free. The average long-term data on groundwater regimes on experimental structures were obtained and conclusions were drawn that the average seasonal groundwater level formed by closed drainage systems is 18 cm lower compared to open drainage systems; the most favorable groundwater regime is formed by drainage systems of two-tier drainage. The dependences of groundwater levels formed during the most intense periods of operation of drainage systems (May – 1st decade of June) on the amount of precipitation for previous periods are analyzed. It was revealed that the closeness of the relationship between groundwater levels and the amount of precipitation in the open drainage variants is less close (r² = 0.01-0.30) compared with the closed drainage variants (r² = 0.02-0.54). The closest relationship on closed drainage systems is observed between the groundwater level of the third decade of May and precipitation for May: during this period, with an increase in precipitation by 1 mm, groundwater rises by 0.3 cm – in the variant with chip filling and by 0.6 cm – in the variants of shallow and two-tier drainage.

The article provides the results of the comparative study of grain productivity of 7 blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) varieties bred by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Lupine in the conditions of Kirov region on sod-podzolic light loamy soil. It has been established that the yield of the seeds of blue lupine varied 1.5-2 times over the years of cultivation (2000-2022) depending on the weather conditions. Over 3 years on the average the varieties Bryansky kormovoy and Siderat were the most productive, 46-287 and 281 g/m², respectively. Even in extremely unfavorable for blue lupine 2022 (by environment condition index of 62) these varieties significantly exceeded the control (Vitayz – 135.8 g/m2) in yield, by 72.9 and 61.1 %. The coefficient of adaptability of the varieties Siderat 46, Smena, Uzkolistny 53, Bryansky kormovoy was over 100 %. The productivity structure elements of blue lupine, namely: the number of beans per plant, the number of grains per bean and mass of 1000 seeds depended on hydrothermal conditions of the growing period. Under favorable conditions the number of beans per plant and the size of seeds increased. The number of grains per bean was the most stable indicator. The average duration of the growing period of lupine varieties was 84-91 days. In hot and dry weather of 2022 the ripening began 5-7 days earlier than long-time average annual periods. The varieties with highly developed side branching had a longer growing period – Bryansky kormovoy, Uzkolistny 53 and. Vitayz. During the year favorable by hydrothermal conditions the raw protein content in lupine seeds was 30.8-36.5 %. In unfavorable years it decreased by 20-45 % depending on the variety.

The development of technology elements for the cultivation of perennial alfalfa-brome mixtures contributes to the formation of highly productive agrocenoses and reduce the cost of fodder mass. In 2017-2022, in the conditions of the Penza region, there has been studied the effect of seeding rates of alfalfa variegated of Daria variety and awnless brome Udalets in pure and mixed sowings, the level of mineral nutrition and the time of harvesting green mass on the economic and energy efficiency of cultivation. Growing seasons of 2017-2021 were characterized by dry conditions (HTC = 0.4-0.8), of 2022 – by normal moisture (HTC = 1.0). The calculation of the cost of production showed the advantage of the seeding rate of alfalfa and brome 70+40 %, the introduction of N₄₅P₆₀K₉₀ and harvesting in the early phase the cost of 1 ton of feed units amounted to 2.36 thousand rubles, in the variant without fertilizers at this seeding rate, the cost was 6.8 % higher – 2.52 thousand rubles. The level of profitability of alfalfa-brome mixtures when cultivated for green mass was at a high level and amounted to 161-238 % according to the variants. Higher rates were obtained in variants with a seeding rate of 70+40 %, the introduction of N₄₅P₆₀K₉₀ during harvesting both in the budding phase and variable mowing – 235-238 %. Cost of 1 ton feed units at a seeding rate of 70+40 % was 1.51-1.96 GJ (depending on the mowing period), a decrease in the seeding rate of alfalfa to 40 % increased the cost of 1 ton of feed units up to 1.74-2.20 GJ. The use of mineral fertilizers increased the cost of 1 ton of feed units when applying P₆₀K₉₀ by 0.02-0.06 GJ, and when introducing N₄₅P₆₀K₉₀ by 0.29-0.36 GJ. The early phase of harvesting was energetically favorable – the cost of 1 ton of feed units was lower than when harvesting in the flowering phase by 0.08-0.15 GJ. With a high seeding rate of alfalfa and a low seeding rate of brome (70+40 %), the maximum energy efficiency coefficient (EEC) was obtained – 5.2-7.1 (depending on the background of nutrition and the mowing period). With a decrease in the seeding rate of alfalfa from 70 to 40 %, a decrease in the EEC to 4.5-6.1 was noted. The application of mineral fertilizers significantly reduced the EEE indicators – from 5.8-7.1 to 5.5-6.7 with the application of P₆₀K₉₀ and to 4.3-5.3 with the application of N₄₅P₆₀K₉₀. At an early harvesting time (budding phase), the EEC was slightly higher – 4.7-7.1, than at a late harvesting time (flowering phase) – 4.5-6.8.

The purpose of the study is to develop in hunting management the approaches to identifying, evaluating and accounting the socio-ecological phenomena of hunter specialization (by types of hunting, game caught) and the interchangeability of hunts, taking into account the presence of a market sector in the area under consideration. The research used the methods of interdisciplinary analogies and semi-structured interviews in addition to general scientific methods. A comparison of hunts close in formal characteristics was made, their significant differences were revealed. It is noted that comparisons can be made for many hunts, and their quantitative and qualitative differences will be more significant. The wide distribution and relative stability of hunters' preferences are shown. A definition of the concept of hunt interchangeability has been developed.   The structural elements of this definition determine the algorithm of practical survey, which is necessary at the design stage of changing the protection regime and the use of hunting resources. Recommendations are given on the practical analysis  of the interchangeability of hunts practiced in certain areas, the inclusion of the results in strategic planning documents and the consideration in planning management decisions that provide for the prohibition of separate hunts. It is pointed out that ignoring the phenomenon of hunters' specialization when setting hunting restrictions can lead to a complete or partial loss of this hunt, related knowledge, abilities and skills. Especially dangerous is the loss of highly specialized hunts, including the use of specially bred decoying and catching animals. Other undesirable consequences may be a reduction in the social base of hunting in general, as well as an increasing protested or constrained poaching. The combination of these and other negative phenomena creates a threat to the sustainability of the use of hunting resources.

The need to develop a new technology for planning survey routes is caused not only by the difficulty of implementing the recommendations of the current methodology for winter route accounting (ZMU) for the “equidistant placement” of survey routes with “observance of a proportional survey of land categories forest, field, swamp”, but also by the inability of the method of grouping the sample into categories of land to reduce the heterogeneity of the examined material. To standardize the placement of accounting routes, the technology of stratification of the territory is put, in which the virtual boundaries of the stratum serve to determine the extrapolation area and the location of the survey route. For the total area of the hunting farm, a tabular, or calculated (for farms with a different area), value of the route length standard, km/thousand ha, is established. The free navigation program SAS Planet determines the length and width of the territory within the boundaries of the hunting area and the principle layout of the registration routes in the strata. According to the algorithms, the following parameters are calculated: the total length of the routes, the average values of the length and width of the territory, the number of strata, the distance between the registration routes, the length of the route in the stratum, the area of the strata, which are necessary for designing the stratification of the territory. On the example of a specific farm with unknown values of parameters, except for the area of the territory, the suitability of algorithms for calculating parameters is shown; a map of the boundaries of the strata and the location of the accounting traces was created; the area of the strata and the design length of the registration route in each stratum were determined; digitized files of traces necessary for work on their reference to the terrain have been created; the technology of binding is given. The results of the study confirmed the manufacturability and simplicity of the method for localizing routes and extrapolation sites, as well as the compatibility of their ordered placement in compliance with a standardized sample size for territories with any area and boundary configuration.

The purpose of the study is to develop and test the performance of the method of using the optical module for determining the biometric parameters of the udder. There have been developed: a scheme of test stand with a 3-D camera of the optical module for taking 3-D images in the system of digital valuation of the udder of dairy cows; a mathematical model for determining the biometric parameters of the udder and teats, namely: length, diameter of the angles of inclination in two planes of the teats, distance between the teats, scattering from the optical module to the teats, 26 parameters in total. An algorithm for determining the biometric parameters of the udder has been developed. Experiments with the stand and processing of field data were carried out in the Animal Husbandry Department of the FSAC VIM in 2022. In addition, field data were collected on farms: IP KFH Sirota (Moscow region), FSUE Grigorievskoye (Yaroslavl region), Farm Ryabtsevo LLC (Kaluga region) – in total, natural material for 192 animals has been collected. The performance of the developed method was tested on an artificial udder. The mode of operation in determining the biometric parameters of the teats was carried out: the speed of obtaining threedimensional udder maps was 5 frames per 1 second. The angle of rotation of the camera relative to the teats in the 0ZX plane was 30º. According to the results of the experimental studies it has been established that the measured results for 24 out of 26 parameters have an error of less than 5%, the diagonal distance between the teats has an error of 6.0 %, the lateral left distance between the anterior and posterior row of teats has an error of 12.7 %. The measurement error of the distance to the tip of the teats is in the range from -0.004 m to -0.007 m on the Z axis.

The article describes the method for determining the optimal angular velocity and the number of turns of the generator winding on permanent magnets powered by a wind turbine operating in specific operating conditions according to the wind speed regime. The optimization criterion is the maximum potential of energy that can be used to charge the battery. The permissible power of the generator and wind turbine, current and battery charging voltage are accepted as limiting factors. The restriction is provided by connecting a ballast resistor to the generator output. The power developed by the turbine is determined taking into account the wind energy utilization factor, which depends on the angular velocity of its shaft and wind speed. Two variants of power limitation are compared: by limiting the angular velocity by aerodynamic means and by stopping the wind turbine. The return of energy to charging in both cases is determined taking into account the distribution of wind speeds, obeying the Weibull probability distribution law. As an example, the calculation of the possible annual power generation for charging a battery with a capacity of 200 A∙h with a voltage of 24 volts from a synchron generator with a number of poles of 48 driven by a wind turbine with a radius of 2 meters, operating in an area with an average wind speed of 5 m/s. The calculation shows that for the parameters and operating conditions of the electrical installation used in the example, the maximum annual energy output (3.3 × 10³ kWh) is observed at optimal 11 turns of the winding at each of the poles of the generator. The deviation of the number of turns from the optimal one in both directions by 2 times leads, with the same dimensions of the wind turbine, to a decrease in annual energy output by 3...5 times, which is a clear proof of the need to carry out such a calculation for each specific wind turbine.