The paper describes the main types of spatial and temporal variability of natural geosystems and agrolandscapes components under the influence of natural causes and anthropogenic factors. Features of long-term dynamics of climate condition, the lithologic base, a relief, natural waters, soils and vegetation within natural geosystems and agrolandscapes are revealed. The regulations on the adaptive reactions of geocomplexes components to external and internal factors of variability of natural environment has been determined. It is shown that these reactions are the driving force of landscape genesis of natural territorial complexes and agrogeosystems. The main thesis of the work is the statement about the secondary role of human activity in the process of landscape genesis of anthropogenic landscapes, including agrogeosystems. Anthropogenic impact only modifies the pattern of natural landscape processes. It is shown that the characteristics of the derivative components of the landscape - natural waters, soils and vegetation - are the most dynamic. The anthropogenic dynamics of the state of these natural bodies is rather complex and multifaceted. The most fully described are adaptive reactions of soil cover and vegetation of natural landscapes and anthropogenic geosystems. The dependence of the state of the landscape soil cover upon the trends of the evolutionary dynamics of climate and terrain are revealed. The paper focuses on the influence of meliorative actions on a condition of soil fertility and soil cover structure. The types of plant successions and their relationship with the dynamics of soil cover are described in detail. The theoretical description of features of functioning of the natural, anthropogenically transformed and reclaimed landscape which is mostly changed, gives the chance of creation the technologies of landscape engineering that is the system of management the natural environment parameters of soil used for agriculture.

Accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) and its subsequent transmission through food chains to humans and animals is a serious environmental problem. The creation of stress-tolerant varieties to reduce crop losses and bioaccumulation of toxic ions can contribute to the preservation of grain quality and increase the productivity of barley on cadmium-contaminated soils. In the process of cell selection in 2017 from the original genotype of barley 8730 x Omsk in callus cultures somaclonal variants (RA) and conducted among them the selection of toxicity-resistant 15 mg/l cadmium ion lines (RA_Cd) were obtained. Plants regenerated from callus were compared with the original genotype by physiological, biochemical and productive features, cadmium bioaccumulation in the conditions of vegetation experience. Plants were grown in normal conditions and against a provocative background of cadmium in 2017-2018. Symptoms of oxidative stress in plants were evaluated by the content of Malon dialdehyde in the leaves, the activity of superoxide dismutase, the accumulation of anthocyanins. Under stress, barley lines selected as a result of cell selection (in the medium with 15 mg/l Cd²⁺), differed from regenerants obtained under normal conditions( without Cd²+ ), and the initial genotype with higher antioxidant activity, chlorophyll (64 and 76%) and carotenoid (60 and 64%, respectively) content in leaves, seed productivity (1.3 and 4.5 times correspondently) and cadmium bioaccumulation in roots (5 and 100%, respectively). The obtained results indicate the feasibility of using cell engineering in breeding programs to improve the resistance of barley to cadmium toxicity.

Studies were conducted in 2010-2017. Under conditions of Kirov region onnatural and artificial epiphytoties 29 varieties of winter rye grown in Russian Federation and 20 perspective populations bred in FARC of North-East were investigated for resistance to snow mold, sclerotinia, root rot, ear fusarium, ergot, septoriosis, rhynchosporium, and some types of rust. Modeling the pathocenoses the methods of S.S. Shain (1987),T.K.Sheshegova and L.I. Kedrova (2003) and others were used. Varieties Krona, Chulpan 7, Pamyati Kunakbaeva, Volkhova, Rada, Grafinya, Falenskaya 4, Leda, Nioba, Grafit, C-30/07, and Perepel have relative resistance against two or more diseases. These varieties could be used as gene sources in different breeding programs. It has been established that winter rye varieties bred in FARC of North-East have higher resistance level to snow mold that is proved by their rate of re-growth after defeat by artificial inoculation Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Sam.et.Hall. (61.4% on the average among varieties) but they are more susceptible to stem rust ( the affection degree under conditions of natural epiphytoties is 40.0% on the average). Varieties Rada, Flora, Rushnik, Grafinya, Nioba, and Leda were noted for productivity, they 0.08-0.26 t/ha exceeded standard Falenskaya 4 for three years on the average. Using the method of biotypic selection on ergot and ear fusariosis complex infectious background three populations were created: FK 7-10/12, Graphit, and Gratsiya. In some years these varieties exceeded standard variety Falenskaya 4 on productivity, they were distinguished by high winter hardiness, large grain size, and resistance to lodging.

The results of the study of new winter rye varieties based on a set of economically valuable traits on sodpodzolic soils of the Republic of Mari El are provided. The varieties of domestic breeding (Tatiana - control, Moscovskaya 15, Rada, Yantamaya) participated in the trial against the background of the basic application of N₂₄P₂₄K₂₄ at various levels of nitrogen nutrition (N₀, N₄₅ in spring with renewal of vegetation, N₁₅in the earing phase, N45 in spring with renewal of vegetation + N₁₅ in the earing phase). So, Rada variety significantly exceeded the control variant (Tatiana variety) by 0.94 t/ha. Below the standard were Moscovskaya 15 and Yantarnaya varieties. If the latter showed a tendency to decrease the yield (by 0.33 t/ha), Moscovskaya 15 was 0.8 t/ha lower than the control. Different options of nitrogen fertilizing significantly increased grain and fodder yield. The maximum value of these indicators is noted when applying nitrogen fertilizers in a dose of N₄₅ (in spring with the renewal of vegetation) + N₁₅ (during the earing phase). The application of mineral nutrition increases the cost of grain production. According to the results of the economic analyses the lowest cost price (2.9 rubles/kg) and the highest profitability rates were noted when cultivating Rada variety on variants with application of N₄₅ into fertilizing (188.0%) and N₁₅ into top dressing during the earing phase (192.3%). The introduction of nitrogen fertilizing in these variants against the background of the main application of azophoska in a dose of 1.5 dt / ha led to an increase in the cost of one kilogram of grain to 3.3 rubles, but it was still highly profitable (the profitability levels of grain production were 157% and 156% respectively).

Regenerative lines of barley 917-01, 781-04, 441-05, 530-98 obtained by cell selection on acid selective media with aluminum, were evaluated with regard to the original sorts 999-93, Novichok and standard Bios 1 in the laboratory, vegetative and field experiments. The dynamics of changes in the medium acidity by the roots of barley seedlings and their biometric indicators against the control (pH 6.0) and stress (pH 4.0 and pH 4.0 + Al³⁺ 20 mg/l) backgrounds were studied in the aquatic culture. Regenerated 917-01 and 781-04 were alkalinizing water actively (by 2.4-2.5 pH units) against the background of intensive root growth compared to the control (43%) and biomass accumulation (10%). The solution acidity of Novichok and its regenerantive genotype 441-05 was changing slightly. In vegetation experiments, the environment-forming activity of the regenerative line 530-98 in changing the acidity and content of free aluminum in the zone of the rhizosphere was studied. On soil background with pH 3.9 and A1³⁺ 5.6 mg/100 g of soil the level of alkalization reached 0.7 units of pH at decrease in amount of free aluminum by 4.23 mg / 100 g of soil that 1.8 times exceeded the similar indicators of the standard Bios 1. With stress intensification, the increased productivity of the regenerant relative to the standard up to 2 times was revealed (by 0.66 t/ha on the soil background at pH 3.7 and Al 21 mg/100 g of soil). In favorable conditions of cultivation, the productivity of regenerants decreased relative to the standard. In the competitive tests the regenerative genotypes 917-01 and 530-98, possessing high medium forming activity of the root system, were among the best breeding numbers. Line 917-01 received the status of the sort (the Forward). Not all regenerants possessed breeding value. Selection in vitro of Al- resistant sort Novichok has not led to positive results. The conclusion about expediency of involvement in cellular selection of genotypes with low level of stress resistance and potentially high adaptive variability has been made.

Prospective selective material of the double-cut diploid meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was tested. The aim of the research was to identify selective numbers mostly adapted to the ecological conditions of the Smolensk region. Six selective numbers were tested: №23 (Belarusian State Agricultural Academy), №28 (Kotlas Experimental Station, Arkhangelsk Region), № 38 (Falenki Breeding Station, Kirov region), GP-10-93 (Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky), №15-6-D and №440 (Federal Williams Research Center for Feed Production and Agroecology). Variety Nadezhny, which has been in the State Register of Selection Achievements since 2012, was the standard. The testing was carried out in 2012-2015 in plant breeding crop rotation on the sod mesopodzol light loamy soil. The weather conditions were favorable with increased temperature and optimal soil moisture. The selective number №23 from the Republic of Belarus has been chosen. On the average, over the three cycles of research it surpassed the standard Nadezhny by 8.4% in winter hardiness, by 23.7% in green mass yield, by 24.4% in hay yield, by 26.9% in seed yield. This selection number was the most adaptive to the conditions of the Smolensk region. It has been recommended for passing the state varietal testing.

Studies were done in two locations: on experimental fields of Falenki breeding station (s. Falenki, Kirov region, Russia) and in Federal Agricultural Research Center of North-East (FARC North East, Kirov, Russia) in 2014-2017. Ten new varieties bred in Falenki breeding station were investigated. An average productivity for two locations of ecological test during four years was 26.5 t/ha; on Falenki station's field - 30.1 t/ha; on FARC's field -22.98 t/ha. According to average productivity, early varieties 170-08 and 179-10 had addition yield as compared to standard variety Udacha 1.4 and 1.0 t/ha correspondingly. Middle-early varieties 27-07, 455-08, and 90-09 exceeded standard variety Nevsky on 5.2...3.5 t/ha. Influence of factor "location", which is part in total phenotypic variability of productivity was 15.8%. Dependence of potato productivity variation on weather conditions of growing season was 64.4%; part of genotype influence - 4.6%. Estimation of values of plasticity bi and stability Si² allowed to select varieties 170-08 and 179-10 with high phenotypic reaction of genotype to amelioration of growing conditions. Variety 179-10 could be accepted as variety of intensive type (bi = 1.29) with high level of stability (Si² = 5.42). Variety 170-08 according to Si² = 4.30 has the most stabile yield within the investigated set of varieties. Variety 455-08 has high calculated stability of production (Si² = 5.04). Thus, varieties 170-08 and 179-10 have optimal combination of productivity and adaptation parameters.

In the conditions of Kirov region nine pear varieties of different ecological and geographical origin planted in 2007 were studied in 2013-2017. They are Kupava (Globeflower), Perun, Svarog, Karataevskaya, Naryadnaya Efimova (Smart Efimova), Vidnaya (Prominent), Larinskaya, Povislaya (Hanging), Chizhovskaya. Dates of phonological phases were determined: the beginning of vegetation is 8th - 11^th May, blossom is 18^th - 24^th May, ripening is 29^th August - 13^th September, the end of vegetation is the second decade of October. The sum of effective temperatures (more than +10°С) essential for beginning of pear vegetation is averaging 114 °С, for beginning of blossom is 237°С. The accumulation of 1572 °С effective temperatures is essential for beginning of phonological phase “the beginning of ripening”. The period from beginning of blossom to beginning of ripening lasts from 99 to 117 days. Average time of a vegetative season is 161 days. Seven pear varieties (77.7%) showed a good level of winter hardiness (the degree of subfreezing is 2 points and lower in critical years). According to the productivity studying, varieties such as Kupava (23.2 kg/ a tree), Svarog (23.1 kg/a tree) and Perun (22.9 kg/a tree) exceeded check variety Chizhovskaya (9.2 kg/ a tree). The study of pear fruiting stability shows a low level of fruit stability (Уn= 0 - 0.40). An average fruit stability (У_п=0.40-0.75) was observed on three varieties: Chizovskaya (0.41), Kupava (0.42) and Karataevskaya (0.43). In conclusion, the studying of pear varieties showed prospects of their cultivation in conditions of the north-eastern part of European Russia.

The vital features of Elsanta and Vima Xima strawberry varieties by long-term covering with white and yellow "Spunbond" fabric of 17 g/m² density in the moderate continental climate of the Central Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation were studied. In 2015-2016 during the process of vegetation light intensity. soil and air temperature as well as dry weight. leaf area. maximum Fm and stationary F_T fluorescence level. photosynthetic activity index Y = (Fm - F_T)/Fm were determined. Both varieties are characterized by a decrease in the Y parameter of strawberry leaves by 16-22% under white material. especially during active vegetation (July - first decade of August). which is less evident under yellow fabric (3-9 %). It is shown that such a reaction is due to the optical properties of the cover. as the yellow material transmission index is 7.2% higher in the red region of the spectrum and 13.8% lower in the blue region of the spectrum as compared to white fabric. By the development of new agricultural technologies and correct interpretation of the received results with the use of non-woven polypropylene cover material "Spunbond". especially for long-term operation. it is necessary to control and take into account not only the shielding but also the spectral characteristics of the material.

The article deals with the possibility of utilization of pectins from the bark of coniferous tree species for the manufacture of fruit and vegetable canned goods (jelly, jam and nectars with pulp) as biological additives that improve product consistency. Due to their unique properties, pectin substances are widely used in modern conditions and can be used as an additive in the production of food products. In the food industry, of particular importance are such properties of pectin substances as gelling, structure-forming and thickening abilities, which is very important when creating food products with certain structural characteristics. Experimental samples of fruit jams with the introduction of different amounts of pectin to thicken the product (0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%) were put out. During the sensor analysis of these jams the best characteristics were obtained by samples, into which pectin from the bark of spruce in an amount of 1.0% was added. The possibility of using pectins from the bark of spruce and larch as gelling agents in the manufacture of jelly was investigated. Composite mixtures which produced three versions of the jelly images with pectin were developed: No.1 - control with apple pectin; No. 2 - with pectin from the spruce bark; No. 3 - with pectin from the larch bark. It has been established that the organoleptic characteristics of the sample No.2 differ from the control sample slightly. Sample No. 3 has received non-satisfactory rating in all organoleptic parameters. To confirm the structure-forming ability of pectin from spruce bark, the samples of nectars with pulp with addition of pectin from spruce bark are manufactured. The expediency of using this pectin is 0.9%.

The research was conducted in 2004-2016 in the research and production station located 70 km higher Yakutsk on a terrace above flood-plain of the Lena river. The experiment is put on grass stand of the seventh year of growth. The basis of the stand consisted of the herbs, sown in 1997: Psathyrostachys juncea, Bromus inermis Leyss and Medicago falcata L. Soils of the experimental site are cryogenic, flood-plain, sod (steppificated). Studied was the efficiency of mineral nitrogen (N60-120) against the background of P60K60 and subsowing of a lucerne in cereal old-age herbage (at a sсarifiсation and an inoculation of seeds with bacterial preparation Yakut local strain CB No.1). The article provides the results of old-age cereal and bean and cereal herbage studies. Artificial herbage of the twelfth year of growth formed productivity of 1.4-2.5 t/hectare of dry matter at pasture use, with preservation of lucerne in herbage from 3 to 10%. At haying use productivity increase was obtained - 1.0 t/hectare of dry matter. High content of exchange energy (9.4 MJ) is noted at pasture use in variant with bean and cereal mix with lucerne subsowing (2004) + P60K60, at haying use in bean and cereal mix with subsowing of lucerne (2004) at a scarification + P60K60 it is 8.2 MJ. In old-age herbage the efficiency remains at the level of 1.1-1.6 feed units from hectare and 313-615 kg of crude protein.

In a long-term stationary experiment in Perm region the change in the quality of humus in sod-podzolic soil under long-term (40 years) land-use (continuous bare fallow, permanent barley and winter rye, crop rotation with various percent of leguminous grasses - 0; 28.6 and 42.9 % lea ) was studied. It was found that the long-term bare fallow causes a decrease in the total content of humic acids, mainly the most mobile fraction of HA-1, and the accumulation of fulvic acids (CHA : CFA = 0.55). When permanently cultivating crops in crop rotation, the content of humic acids increases due to the accumulation of fractions of HA-1 and HA-2 and the displacement of the type of humus formation from fulvate to humate-fulvate, with an increase in the ratio of CHA: CFA to 0.70-0.79. The use of manure makes it possible to fertilize the soil with fractions of humic acids, both easily mobile (HA-1) and calcium-bound (HA-2), thereby increasing the "maturity" of humus and resistance to mineralization. The introduction of or ganic and mineral fertilizers under monocultures and in crop rotations with a different proportion of legumes leads to the accumulation of calcium humates (HA-2) to 0.14-0.25 % of the soil mass. Transformation of arable soil into the fallow soil promotes the accumulation of valuable for agriculture fractions of humus - humic acids and reduction of fulvic acids, ŒA: CTA. = 0.96.

The studies were conducted in 2006...2017 on gray forest soils of the Chuvash Republic in two crop rotations (grain-crop and grain-crop green manure). The effectiveness of minimum methods of tillage (1st minimum - KOS-3.0 to a depth of 16 cm; 2nd minimum - BDM-3.2 to 16 cm; 3rd minimum - without autumn tillage) was studied in comparison with the classical method of autumn cultivation with plough PLN-3-35 to a depth of 26 cm. Spring soil cultivation in all variants was carried out with a combined implement Pauk-6 to a depth of 6 cm. Spring and winter wheat, as the solid soil culture, by the application of 1 and 2 minimal methods of tilling were not inferior in the yield to the classic method - 4.12-4.88 t/ha. In dry years, the methods of minimal soil cultivation contributed to obtaining higher yields: increase of winter wheat amounted to 0.12-0.14 t/ha, for barley - 0.22-0.41 t/ha. The classic method of tillage resulted in the highest yields of potato cultivation - to 32.4 t/ha, barley - to 4.04 t/ha, spring vetch -to 2.73 t/ha. The minimum method without autumn tillage reduced the yield of all crops in crop rotations to 30 % and the economic efficiency of their cultivation by 9-15 %. The best results of economic efficiency in the cultivation of grain crops and spring vetch are obtained by replacing the classical method of tillage with the minimum-1, which provided an increase in the level of profitability in crop rotations from 10 to 17 %. The efficiency of the minimum-2 variant of soil tillage in the cultivation of spring and winter wheat was at the same level as the classical method, in the cultivation of barley and spring vetch it was 5-10 % lower. In potato cultivation the best results of economic efficiency are obtained with the classical method (from 67% to 82 %). Use of the 1st and 2nd minimum methods of tillage led to the reduce in the cost of fuel by 35-40 % and to increase in the productivity of tillage units by 2.2 and 2.5 times.

The article covers information on the study of cytokine therapeutic effect of dyalderon on some interleukin indices and other nonspecific immunity factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected cattle. The research was conducted on calves aged 2-2.5 months. They were divided into 3 groups 20 animals each, according to analogue principle. The first group included clinically healthy animals. The calves of the 2-nd experimental group ill with pseudomonosis were treated using antibiotics and symptomatic medications according to the following scheme: in a day they were administered tobramycin sulfate in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg per day during a week, the next day they were given azithromycin (Azitronite) at a dose of 2.0 ml, intramuscularly, during a week, in addition, they were given trivitum at a dose of 2.0 ml intramuscularly, 450 ml of 5% glucose in normal saline intravenously. Pseudomonosis-infected calves of the 3-d experimental group in addition to antibiotic therapy were given dyalderon at a dose of 200 mg per 1 head intramuscularly, once a day during 7 days. On the fifth day animals of the 3 -d experimental group showed absence of laryngotracheitis and bronchitis symptoms as opposed to the 2-nd experimental group calves. On the 18-th day calves of the 3-d experimental group showed normalization of white blood cells, lymphocytes and red blood cells count, ESR (blood sedimentation rate) decreased from 27.8±0.04 to 9.2±0.52 mm/h (Р<0.05), the level of non-specific immunity factors in blood serum increased: interleukin-2, interleukuin-4 (from 1.6±0.02 to 5.4±0.18 pg/ml) and interleukuin-6 (from 9.2±0.08 to 30.4±0.02 pg/ml) to normal physiological indices of healthy animals. It was proved by strengthening gammaglobulin synthesis in calves (54.8±0.5 mg/dL), by rise in cytolytic and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages and leucocytes and by suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin synthesis, that led to death of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in calves after combination therapy with antibiotics and dyalderon. Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture was not isolated from the biomaterial of 3-d experimental group animals as opposed to the calves of the 2-nd experimental group.

Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) are increasingly used in the investigation of the genetic architecture of the reproductive traits of pigs. Based on the results of these studies, 47 SNPs associated with the Total number born alive (NBA) of European breeds (Large White, Yorkshire, Landrace) were identified, which are presented in the PigQTLdb. The aim of this work is to develop a procedure for testing SNPs rs80867243 (SSC5), rs81379421 (SSC3), rs81236069 (SSC10) by PCR-RFLP and to evaluate their polymorphism in maternal pigs bred in the conditions of the Russian breeding industry. The research was carried out in pigs of Large White breed (n = 60) and Landrace (n = 63). SNP positions were determined from the last assembly of the pig genome (Sus scrofa 11.1) in the Ensembl database. The primers and restriction endonucleases for identification of SNP by PCR-RFLP were selected using Primer-BLAST and NEBcutter V2.0 programs, respectively. According to the results of molecular genetic studies, Landrace pigs are polymorphic in all investigated SNPs. The allele frequencies A and G for SNPs rs80867243, rs81379421 and rs81236069 were 0.81 and 0.19; 0.43 and 0.57; 0.21 and 0.79, respectively. In Large White pigs polymorphism was established for SNPs rs81379421 and rs81236069, the frequencies of alleles A and G were 0.07 and 0.93; 0.30 and 0.70, respectively. The methods of testing SNPs rs80867243, rs81379421 and rs81236069, which can be used in further studies on the pigs bred in breeding farms of the Russian Federation as well as in the study of associative connections of SNPs with reproductive traits are presented in the article.

For conditions of the European part of north-eastern Russia the technologies of crop cultivation based on the use of a combined system of basic soil cultivation are most effective economically. This system consists of alternating different types of nonmoldboard soil tillage and different depth plowing. For carrying out these operations by one universal implement for the basic soil cultivation plough-blade cultivators PPN-3-35/2-70 for tractors of class 14 kN and PPN-4(5)-35/3-70 for tractors of class 30 kN have been developed. Field tests of PPN-4(5) -35 / 3-70, conducted in 2015 in the conditions of the experimental field of the FARC North-East, showed that during the basic soil cultivation on the occupied fallow and crop remains the implement steadily sustains a working tillage width and adjusting depth. When plowing, the degree of soil crumbling is equal to 65% and 39%, respectively; during non-moldboard soil cultivation - 72% and 53%. The productivity at non-moldboard cultivation of middle loamy soil is 1.55 ha/h at the fuel rate of 17.2 kg/ha, when ploughing - 0.92 ha/h and 29.6 kg/ha. At the same time, the degree of crumbling when plowing compacted medium-loamy soil is insufficient for soil cultivation directly under the sowing of grain crops. To improve the quality of plowing it is proposed to carry it out together with disking the topsoil by equipping the universal implement with a disk section. To increase productivity, we also investigated the possibility of installing five plough bodies on the plough-blade cultivator PPN-4(5)-35/3-70 when aggregating it with T-150K tractor. In 2016 the agrotechnical assessment of the plough-blade cultivator PPN-4(5)-35/3-70 in the five-body version and with a disk section was carried out, which revealed that the universal implement performs plowing and plowing accompanied by disking in accordance with agrotechnical requirements, with the degree of soil crumbling by autumn plowing being 68.0%, by plowing with the upper soil layer cultivation 83.3%.