Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important crop that ensures food security in many countries. One of the main factors ensuring high potato yields is the use of high-quality seed material. The application of tissue culture method for propagation of potato plants is the most significant. The work analyzes sources of domestic and foreign literature, presenting the results of research related to the study and improvement of in vitro propagation and in vivo cultivation techniques for obtaining potato source material. Publications were selected from open sources over the past 10 years. The influence of various growth regulators (cytokines, auxins, gibberellins, benzichol, etihol, humic acids), the mineral composition of the Murashige-Skoog (MS) nutrient medium, and physical factors on biomass, the length of shoots and roots, the number of nodes and rooting of explants under in vitro conditions is considered. At the same time, the optimal parameters may vary depending on the potato variety. Factors (changes in the composition of the environment, physical indicators) that influence the increase in the formation of the number of microtubers in in vitro culture are considered separately. This method of obtaining healthy material is the most promising. Among the methods for increasing the adaptation of test tube plants in vivo, preliminary soaking before planting test tube potato plants in the soil and root treatment with humic preparations, phytoimmunomodulators, as well as various options for covering plants ex vitro are considered. It has been shown that the propagation of test tube plants in aeroponic and hydroponic installations allows minimizing the impact of external factors, including the introduction of infectious diseases.

The results of a comparative assessment of the influence of main agrotechnological factors on the harvest of spring barley cultivar ʻMoskovsky 86ʼ in natural and climatic conditions in the Leningrad Region are presented. The research was conducted between 2019 and 2021 on swardy cryptopodzol loamy sand soil. The scheme of micro field experiment included three studied factors: seeding rate (4, 5, and 6 million germinating seeds/ha), nitrogen fertilizer dose (N0 and N60) and herbicidal treatment (no treatment, Lintur, or EDG). According to the results of the research it was found that the seeding rate of 0.1 %, 28 %, and 18 % over the years of the study had a more stable influence on the yield of spring barley due to its less dependence on weather conditions. The yield of barley in the experiment (47.4 %) was more determined by the application of nitrogen fertilizer than by the seeding rate (13.9 %). These factors influenced mainly on the density of the productive stem, which increased with the raise in the seeding rate by 22.0–31.7 %. With the application of nitrogen fertilizer, it increased by 2.1 times (in 2019). Under conditions of acute moisture shortage, the effect of the herbicide on barley yields was weak (0.9–1.9 %) and not significant from the economic point of view. The impact of using the herbicide under stress was more evident in the variant without fertilizers. The formation of the highest yield of spring barley of the ʻMoskovsky 86ʼ cultivar (250 g/m2) was achieved due to the pre-sowing application of nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of 60 kg a.i./ ha, a seeding rate of 6 million germinating seeds/ha and herbicidal treatment.

In the conditions of the Kirov region, there was conducted a comparative study of 20 hybrid populations of F₂, F₃, F₄, created according to a complete diallel scheme, and 5 parent forms of spring soft wheat by the traits of productivity and adaptability. In contrast in terms of heat and moisture supply in 2020–2022 (hydrothermal coefficient 1.07–1.44) in parental forms and hybrids the dominant influence of the genotype on the trait "weight of 1000 grains ", environmental conditions on the trait "number of grains per spike " and "yield" was revealed. In the group of hybrids, an increase in the proportion of "genotype × environment" interaction was noted in all indicators. There was a redefinition of correlations between traits depending on the influence of limiting factors, as well as an annual change in the ranks of hybrid combinations both in terms of average values of traits and in the manifestation of heterosis and depression. The characteristics of the initial varieties and hybrid populations according to the parameters of plasticity and stability are given, the patterns of inheritance of adaptive reactions are studied. The reaction to environmental conditions based on the "number of grains per spike " trait was inherited mainly by an intermediate type, most high-plastic genotypes were obtained with the participation of ʻMargaritaʼ and ʻLiniya 2ʼ cultivares, low-plastic ones with the participation of the Saratovskaya 29 cultivar. The percentage distribution of the type of reaction of the "weight of 1000 grains" trait occurred towards an increase in the number of high–plastic combinations, by the yield – according to the distribution of parent forms. The inclusion of the original ʻKarabalykskaya 98ʼ form in crosses increased the regression coefficient of the "1000 grain weight" trait in hybrids, and the ʻMargaritaʼ cultivar increased the "yield" trait. The high convergence of the average level of traits, the level of heterosis and the values of the plasticity coefficient in hybrid populations, and the relative independence of the indicator "phenotypic stability" (S,%) were revealed. Yield plasticity largely depended on the plasticity of the "number of grains per spike " trait, while the maternal components had a greater influence. As a result of the research, the best combinations have been identified, from which it is preferable to conduct selections for the main elements of productivity and adaptability parameters in the selection of spring soft wheat.

A new variety population of meadow clover GPF-49-3, promising for use in agricultural production in the northern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation (RF), has been created in the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N. V. Rudnitsky. It is characterized by early periods of mowing and harvesting ripeness: the duration of the growing season from spring regrowth to the flowering phase of the first mowing is 56-72 days, from the first to the second mowing is 39-56 days, until the seeds ripen 103-115 days. According to the results of the study and evaluation in several cycles of competitive and environmental tests (2009–2021) in the conditions of the Kirov region, GPF-49-3 has shown advantages over the zoned standard cultivar (st.) ʻDymkovskyʼ in a number of productive features and adaptive qualities: it is characterized by winter hardiness, tolerance to drought, high productivity and its potential – harvesting of green mass up to 88.3 t/ha, dry matter up to 20.5 t/ha, crude protein up to 2.5 t/ha, seed yield up to 5.3 c/ha. The features of the GPF-49-3 cultivar population are significantly high in comparison with the standard forage productivity of the second year of use (y.u.) – 28.7 t/ha of green mass, 7.8 t/ha of dry matter at the level of standard ʻDymkovskyʼ cultivar – 23.4 and 6.2 t/ha, respectively (LSD05 = 4.5 and 0.8 t/ha), and genetically determined resistance to root rot. A correlation (r) of average strength was found between the intensity of root rot development in 1 y.u. and plant productivity indicators in 2 y.u.: green mass (-0.43), dry matter (-0.50), protein collection (-0.58.), indicating that the herbage with a lower degree of root damage before overwintering is more productive for the next year of use. The obtained research results made it possible to make a decision on the transfer of the GPF-49-3 cultivar population to the state cultivar testing in 2021, as a cultivar of meadow clover ʻMalakhitʼ.

During the selection of crops aimed at creating high-fiber varieties, it is important to determine the patterns of fiber formation at the molecular level and the genotype specificity of cellulose synthesis processes, to study the efficiency of the genes responsible for cellulose synthesis at various stages of plant ontogenesis. The aim of the work was to study the expression of flax cellulose synthase genes. The objects of the study were 8 samples of flax (genus Linum), differing in fiber content: 7 cultivarеs of Linum usitatissimum L., of which 5 cultivarеs of fiber flax, 2 cultivarеs of oilseed flax, as well as one sample of large-flowered flax (L. grandiflorum Desf.). The studied cultivar were grown in a growth chamber. Samples of plant material were taken on the 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th and 50th day after germination. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were carried out. RNA sequences of CesA1, CesA4, CesA6, CesA7 were obtained and gene-specific primers for PCR were developed. Gene expression was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and reaction products were separated by size using a 1.2% agarose gel. Based on the data obtained, the presence of phase- and genotype-specificity in the process of expression of cellulose synthases of the CesA family in the flax stem was established. Cellulose synthases of the primary cell wall of flax (CesA1, CesA6) show a dynamic increase in expression up to the «herringbone» stage, and then the expression gradually decreases towards the onset of rapid growth phase, while cellulose synthases of the secondary cell wall (CESA4, CESA7) are characterized by a constant increase in expression from the first days of the development of seedlings to the phase of rapid growth.

The purpose of the research is to study the yield and the main components of the productivity of 9 red currant cultivars of early and medium maturation from the bioresource collection of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding and to assess the degree of stability of the traits. The study was carried out in 2020, 2022, 2023 in the Orel region. The collection plot was laid in autumn 2015 according to the scheme 3.5 x 0.5 m. In the studied cultivars, the raceme length varied significantly over the years from 20.0 % (‘Vika’) to 35.6 % (‘Krasnaya Kuzmina’), depending on the meteorological conditions of the growing season. On average, over the years of study, the raceme length of the control ‘Jonkheer van Tets’ cultivar was 8.6 cm, and only the ‘Krasnaya Kuzmina’ cultivar had significant differences from the control in raceme length – 10.9 cm. The ‘Niva’ cultivar showed large fruit, the average berry weight for three years was 0.76 g and significantly exceeded the control cultivar (0.54 g). The rest cultivars were included in the group with an average berry weight. The values of the berry weight varied greatly over the years. The variation coefficient (CV) ranged from 8.4 % (‘Jonkheer van Tets’) to 31.7 % (‘Niva’). The cultivars ‘Natalie’ and ‘Vika’ were characterized by the uniformity of the berries in the raceme. On average, over 3 years, the cultivars showed high yields from 14.3 t/ha in ‘Red Cross’ (CV 48.7 %) to 25.6 t/ha in ‘Gazel’ (CV 10.7 %). ‘Gazel’, ‘Asya’ and ‘Podarok Pobeditelyam’ were distinguished by high stable yields and parameters of productivity components. ‘Niva’ was characterized by large size of fruit and high yield, but it had less stability over the years. ‘Red Cross’ did not realize its genetic productivity potential in the conditions of the Orel region.

In 2023, the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation included and approved for use in the Middle Volga region a variety of monoecious drug-free cannabis sativa ʻLyudmilaʼ. In connection with the introduction into production and for the purpose of propagating seeds of a new variety in the Penza region in 2021–2023, wide-row (with row spacing of 45 and 70 cm) and ordinary (15 cm) sowing methods and seed sowing rates were studied, taking into account the main directions of crop use. With the studied methods of sowing and seeding rates, the yield of stems on average over the years of research reached 11.3–14.4 t/ha and was maximum with ordinary sowing with a seeding rate of 3.0 million pcs/ha. On the contrary, higher seed yields were obtained with wide-row sowing – 1.15 t/ha (row spacing 70 cm, seeding rate 0.9 million pcs/ha) and 1.04 t/ha (45 cm, 1.2 million pcs/ha), with ordinary sowing for all studied – 0.90-0.91 t/ha. An increase in the seeding rate from 2.0 to 3 million pcs/ha during ordinary sowing was accompanied by an increase in the yield of stems by 3.1 t/ha (27.4 %), the fiber content in stems from 30.9 to 31.8 % and its collection from 3.91 to 5.54 t/ha. By wide–row sowing with row spacing of 70 cm, the stem contained 26.5–28.7 % fiber with a total yield of 3.37–4.18 t/ha, by sowing with row spacing of 45 cm, the fiber content in the stem increased to 29.8–30.4 %, which made it possible to harvest 3.71–4.77 tons of fiber per 1 hectare. Economically effective methods of sowing and seeding rates of ʻLyudmilaʼ cannabis variety have been identified, ensuring the profitability of seed production at the level of 129–147 %.

Research on the development of environmentally friendly plant protection systems against fungal pathogens using symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus sp. – symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) has been a new direction in agricultural practice in recent years and undoubtedly represent relevance and scientific significance. The studies used suspensions of live and autoclaved cultures of symbiotic bacteria of symbionts of various types of EPN (Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae and S. feltiae protense) with a bacterial cell titer of 10⁷ CFU/ml in comparison with the biological preparation Phytosporin-M (dough) and water as a control. In laboratory conditions at a temperature of 25 ^oC, there were established differences in the antibiotic activity of the primary forms of producers of Xenorhabdus sp., isolated from different types of EPN. The greatest inhibition of the fungal growth zone on the 4th day was observed for metabolites of the S. carpocapsae strain against Alternaria solani. Biological effectiveness in suppressing this pathogen was 51 %. Field research conducted in 2022-2023 in the conditions of the Republic of Karelia on the mid-early potato variety ʻRed Scarlettʼ, showed that under epiphytotic conditions (low air temperatures and excessive waterlogging) double spraying of vegetative plants with a suspension of live and autoclaved cultures of symbiotic bacteria (EPN-1-1, EPN-2 and EPN-2 -1) reduced the development of rhizoctoniosis compared to the control variant by 50, 64 and 60 %, respectively. It was found that double treatment with a live and autoclaved aqueous suspension of bacteria, symbionts of the subspecies S. feltiae was more effective and ensured a reduction in the degree of development of scab symptoms by 1.3–2.8 times and the spread of rhizoctonia by 1.5–2.0 times. It has been also established that 2-fold spraying of plants with a live and autoclaved suspension of symbiotic bacteria S. feltiae during the growing season significantly increases the yield of tubers by 35–22 %, respectively. Thus, the use of biologically active secondary metabolites of Xenorhabdus sp. has significant potential as biological plant protection agents against potato pathogens.

The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) is the main and most dangerous pest of potatoes in Russia. Having wide adaptive capabilities, this species is gradually acclimatizing in the more northern regions of the territory of the Russian Federation. The Northwestern region has so far been considered an area with unfavorable conditions for the development of the Colorado potato beetle, but in a warming climate, the situation may change significantly. In the period of 2012–2023, field experiments conducted at the agroecological study area of the Menkovsky branch of the Agrophysical Research Institute (Leningrad region, Gatchina district) studied the long-term population dynamics and seasonal development of the Colorado potato beetle on potato plantings under conditions of different heat supply in the summer months. According to the research results, a rapid increase (from 0.1 to 68 % of plants at the time of «budding-flowering») in the presence of phytophage in the potato agrocenosis was revealed, due to a prolonged (2021–2023) significant increase in the sum of active temperatures during the growing season of the crop. The opposite effect was observed at low air temperature in the second and third decades of June. A decrease in heat supply in these decades below the temperature optimum led to a decrease in the average number of eggs in a clutch from 37 to 22 and a shift in the mass hatching of larvae to later periods (over 7 days) of the growing season of the crop. The seasonal dynamics of insect numbers is characterized by a sharp decrease in the density of phytophagous larvae after budding of potato plants. The determining factor in the mass development of the Colorado potato beetle in potato plantings is the high number of the insect at the initial stage of colonization of the potato field. Thus, with a multiple (3.7 times) excess of the economic threshold of harmfulness according to the criterion of the number of overwintered imago of the Colorado potato beetle in the phase of mass shoots of the crop, a high level (90–100 %) of plant damage by larvae was observed in the second half of the potato growing season.

The purpose of the research is to study the allergenic and immunotoxic properties of pantohematogen obtained from the blood of female Gorno-Altai maral deer as a functional ingredient of specialized products. Allergenic and immunotoxic properties were assessed in 2020–2022 by intragastric administration of pantohematogen to 395 CBA mice weighing 15–18 g, who received the drug at a therapeutic dose of 50 mg/kg and a maximum single dose of 500 mg/kg. The sensitization of the animal body after a course of administration of pantohematogen was determined by deregulation of mast cells. It has been established that when using the maximum single dose, the degranulation reaction does not exceed 0.2. It is necessary to emphasize that no changes in the leukocyte lysis coefficient were recorded in mice receiving different doses of pantohematogen. The effect of pantohematogen on the mass and cellularity of the immunocompetent organs of animals is also shown. It was noted that even the use of a dose (500 mg/kg) 10 times higher than the therapeutic dose does not affect the cellularity of immunocompetent organs. In general, the materials of experimental studies indicate the absence of allergenic and immunotoxic properties of the tested pantohematogen as a functional ingredient in the development of specialized products with specified therapeutic and prophylactic properties.

The article presents the results of studies (1991–1994, 2005–2007 and 2015–2018) conducted on leached heavy loam chernozem in the Republic of Mordovia. The purpose of the research is to conduct a comparative assessment of the effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of alfalfa and awnless brome. The analysis of long-term results showed that the productivity of alfalfa during three rotations of the field crop rotation was higher by 0.64, 1.05 and 0.15 t/ha compared with the awnless brome (5.73, 4.43 and 5.54 t/ha). The application of phosphorus-potassium (PK) fertilizers for alfalfa increased the harvest by an average of 18 %, with a payback of 1 kg a.i. of fertilizer with 8 kg of hay and an additional income of 1.3 rubles/rub. The use of a full mineral seed with doses of nitrogen N30–90 for awnless brome increased crop yield from 36 to 67 % compared to the PK variant (4.15 t/ha), additional income amounted to 1.15–1.29 rubles / rub, payback of 1 kg of a.i. of nitrogen – 32.7–45.5 kg of hay. The analysis of the experimental material showed that the concentration of crude protein in the green mass of alfalfa was 1.5 times higher than in the awnless brome (12.89 %). Complete mineral fertilizer increased the crude protein content in the green mass of the awnless brome in some years from 8 to 28 %, in alfalfa only by 2-3 % compared with the PK variant. According to the collection of crude protein per unit area, alfalfa crops (on average 1,133 kg/ha) differed favorably from awnless brome (684 kg/ha).

Studies of the ecological regimes of groundwater and moisture reserves were carried out in the Novgorod Region in 2014–2023 in conditions of arid (HTC 0.9...1.1) and wet vegetation periods (HTC 1.69...2.46) on sod-podzolic loamy soils drained by closed drainage structures: shallow with a depth of 70 cm; two variants of a medium-deep drainage with a depth of 110 cm with filling of the drainage trench with wood chips and sand-gravel mixture; two-tiered, consisting of a lower tier of tubular drains with a depth of 110 cm and an upper tier of tubeless drains perpendicular to it, located at a depth of 60 cm. Analysis of the nature of changes in the groundwater level showed that the minimum depth of groundwater in both wet and dry years was observed at the beginning of the growing season, the second peak of groundwater rise in wet years was observed in August, in dry years it was absent. The highest average seasonal groundwater level was observed in excessively humid 2017 (HTC = 2.46) in the variants of medium–deep drainage with backfilling of chips (30 cm) and shallow drainage (33 cm), the lowest – in the variant of two-tier drainage (58 cm). Analysis of humidity regimes on experimental systems showed that with shallow drainage in a humid year, more than a third, and in an excessively humid year, more than 2/3 of the duration of the growing season, the upper 30-centimeter horizon was in a waterlogged state, and with two-tier drainage, there were no periods of excessive moisture. At the same time, in wet years, the probability of periods with insufficient soil moisture ranged from 8 % (with medium-deep drainage with sand-gravel mixture) to 25 % (with two-tier drainage) In dry years, there was a lack of moisture in the upper soil horizon in the two-tier drainage variant of about 70 %, in other variants this value was slightly lower (62–65 %). The ecological soil regimes formed under the influence of two-tier drainage in modern climatic conditions had a significant impact on the hay yield of perennial grasses (70 % of fodder cereals), which allowed for an average yield increase of 0.9 t/ha relative to the variant with shallow drainage during both wet and dry growing seasons.

Insufficient information on the characteristics of changes in nutrients of Sudan grass according to the phases of growth and development is one of the main obstacles to the widespread use of this crop in feed production. The purpose of the study is to analyze changes in the content of protein and dry matter in green mass of Sudan grass varieties during a vegetation period depending on the sowing method. The research was carried out in the Rostov region on ordinary carbonate chernozem. The growing seasons were characterized by a contrasting hydrothermal regime: in 2022 – average aridity, in 2021 and 2023. – insufficient hydration. The objects of the study were the Sudan grass varieties ‘Aleksandrina’, ‘Alisa’, ‘Gratsiya’, ‘Kudesnitsa’ bred by the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. With the row sowing method (row spacing 15 cm, seeding rate 1.6 million pcs/ha), a more rapid accumulation of dry matter occurs in all studied varieties at the beginning of the vegetation period. By the end of the vegetation period, the dry matter content is higher with wide-row sowing (70 cm row spacing, 340 thousand pieces/ha), by 4.21% on average among the varieties. Rapid accumulation of dry matter was noted from the end of the “heading” phase up to the “milk ripeness” phase. The protein content in dry matter with wide-row sowing at the beginning of the growing season was two times higher than with continuous sowing and amounted to 21.33–24.17 %. Starting from the “heading” phase, the value of the trait decreased sharply and by the time of full grain ripeness it was 5.17–6.74 % for row sowing and 8.01–8.61 % for wide-row sowing. This change in protein in the dry matter of green mass indicates the practicability of using the crop in early stages of the vegetation period to obtain the best feed quality.

Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as the most important type of genetic variability are widely used to confirm the origin of farm animals and they play an important role in breeding and raising. Their most important advantage in the identification of SNP alleles is accuracy which makes it possible to determine the genotype precisely. AgriSeq (ThermoFisher (USA)) is a sequencing technology that can be used to purposefully amplify and re-sequence thousands of SNP targets in a single reaction. This method is specially adapted for animal husbandry and already contains ready-made panels for some types of domestic animals. However, in order to use them in sheep, it is necessary to pre-select loci suitable for genotyping by sequencing. The purpose of the work is to study the effectiveness of identifying and prevalence of loci from the proposed set of SNPs in the examination of new generations of sheep of the Dzhalginsky Merino breed. The material for the study was data from targeted sequencing of the genomes of Russian sheep breeds according to the formed set of loci in order to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The proposed panel of loci, modified after validation on the second generation of animals, contains 352 substitutions suitable for genotyping by sequencing and 413 polymorphisms associated with meat productivity of animals. An assessment of the frequency of polymorphisms with a reliable relationship with meat productivity indicators between the groups born in 2021 and 2022 has shown that most substitutions almost do not differ in frequency between generations. The indicators of the frequency of occurrence of substitutions in the group of selected animals obtained as a result of research indicate that selected polymorphisms are located in loci that are not subjected to significant rearrangements for several generations and can be informative for quite a long time.

Standardized indicators of α- and β-diversity (𝒚′_𝒌𝒎) calculated by DNA microsatellites (STR) in samples of bulls of Red Scandinavian (RED, n = 29) and Holstein (HOL, n = 45) breeds (each with three sub-samples) were analyzed using one-two- and multivariate statistics methods. The data represented two 11×7 matrices: objects – 11 STR loci (Eth3, Inra23, Tgla227, Tgla126, Tgla122, Sps115, Eth225, Tgla53, Bm2113, Bm1824, Eth10; No.1-11), variables – three indicators of α-diversity (number of alleles and effective alleles per locus, heterozygosity) and four – β-diversity (indices: fixation by Nei, differentiation by Meirmans-Hedrick, Jost and Shannon-Sherwin). ANOVA, using a fixed-type model, revealed a statistically significant (p_value< 0.02) effect on the variability of 𝒚′_𝒌𝒎 factors «breed» (2 %), «locus» (36.7 %) and their interaction (15.6 %). According to the mixed-type model (the «locus» factor as random), only the interaction effect was statistically significant (25.8 %, p_value< 0.0001). The probability of a noncoincidence between the numbers of a randomly selected pair of loci from the RED and HOL samples was 31 %. The average Euclidean distance between the two samples, calculated by analogical loci, was 37.8±5.35 %. The Mantel correlation between the matrices of paired interlocus distances in RED and in HOL samples was 0.257±0.130 (p_value = 0.056). The ordinations of loci and their grouping (structuring) in the space of the two main components of the REL sample and the HOL sample differed (Procrust test: m² = 0.994, m₁₂ = 0.747, p_perm = 0.164, 𝒓^𝟐_{𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄} = 0.253). Estimates of the distance between samples based on the profiles of the α- and β-diversity of loci did not contradict, in general, the genetic distances calculated by allelic frequencies (29–37 %). To analyze the covariance (commonality) of multivariate RED and HOL sample data, a two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) method was used. The integrated latent variables (LV) maximized the total square of covariance («squared covar» = 14.3 %), in which 83 % accounted for the first LV with max «weights» in terms of α-diversity (aLV). The second LV accounted for 16.7 % with max «weights» in terms of β-diversity (βLV). The linear relationship between RED and HOL samples for aLV was 0.717 (p_value = 0.013), for βLV – 0.395 (p_value = 0.229), averaged – 0.56 (p_value = 0.025). The commonality (co-dispersion) of the two samples for aLV and βLV was estimated at 25,0–32.5 %. 2B-PLS analysis based on reduced data (only for α-diversity) showed a max «squared covar» of 0.393, in which 99.9 % accounted for the first LV (LV1). According to LV1, the linear relationship between RED and HOL samples was estimated at 0.659 (p_value = 0.0253), the co-dispersion was 43.4 % (according to aLV it was 51.4 %). The ordinations of loci in the coordinate space of the RED and HOL samples for the complete (αLV) and reduced (LV1) datasets had a good match (Procrust test: m² = 0.0742, m₁₂ = 0.0728, p_perm = 0.001, 𝒓^𝟐_{𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄} = 0.927). In the structure of the inter-sample covariance, «clumps» of loci with a bootstrap probability of [grouping] 50, 75 and 100 % were distinguished. It can be assumed that the RED and HOL samples had some consistency (congruence) in terms of the α-diversity of the loci of the same name. The extension of the «multivariate» approach to descriptive statistics of α-diversity of 7 breeds of dairy cattle and 11 breeds of pigs showed a fairly good correspondence of the results (differentiation index, PCA-ordination) with those obtained using «traditional» methods (p_perm of matching ordinations 0.054 and 0.004). The approaches and methods considered expand the possibilities of population-genetic [and breeding-zootechnical] studies in which multidimensional data sets are the norm, not the exception.

The implementation of advanced digital, intelligent production technologies and robotic systems contributes to the achievement of the goal set for the agro-industrial complex for transition to a highly productive, environmentally friendly agricultural economy. Taking this into account, as well as the global trends in the development of unmanned mobile vehicles, three conceptual models for the development of unmanned mobile power tools are proposed: the creation of universal unmanned mobile vehicles of various traction classes and power based on commercially available tractors (conceptual model A), the creation of universal unmanned low-power mobile devices working in groups (conceptual model B) and the creation of energy modules (conceptual model C). In order to determine further prospects for their use, theoretical studies have been carried out on the issue of evaluating the productivity of agricultural aggregates in combination with unmanned mobile vehicles of the proposed conceptual models. The research was carried out on the basis of existing well-known methods and formulas for determining productivity. The analysis of factors affecting the productivity of an agricultural unit during field operations shows that when using unmanned mobile vehicles, an increase in the productivity of the unit can be ensured by increasing the utilization factor of the width of the grip and the time of main work by eliminating the time spent on rest and personal needs of the operator, reducing the time spent when turning the unit at the end of the rut. The developed methodological approaches to the issue of calculating the productivity of agricultural aggregates in combination with unmanned mobile agricultural vehicles made it possible to assess the increase in the productivity of aggregates using unmanned mobile means of the proposed conceptual models. The use of unmanned mobile vehicles of the considered conceptual models can increase the replaceable productivity of units for continuous cultivation compared with traditional manned tractors by a level from 3 to 24 %.

The aim of the research is to obtain the static characteristic of the angular velocity measuring transducer of the developed design and to determine its design parameters. The research methodology provides theoretical substantiation of the static characteristic of the proposed angular velocity measuring transducer with inertial flap and nozzles. The paper considers the principle of operation of various designs of measuring transducers of angular velocity with inertial masses. The variant of constructive execution of angular velocity measuring transducer with inertial flap and nozzles is substantiated, for which the static characteristic is obtained. On the basis of the obtained expressions the main design parameters of the device are determined. The methodology of calculation of static characteristic of angular velocity measuring transducers in the adaptive control system of hydraulic drive is considered. The obtained expression of the static characteristic of the proposed design of the angular velocity measuring transducer connects the external disturbing influence (angular velocity) and the pressure drop in the interthrottle chambers in the steady-state mode of operation. The recommended parameters of the elements of the angular velocity transducer are: nozzle orifice diameter in the range of 0.5–1.5 mm, nozzle face diameter in the range of 1.2–1.5 nozzle orifice diameter, flap stroke up to 0.1 nozzle orifice diameter. It should be noted that at diameters of permanent throttle and nozzle orifices less than 0.5 mm, as well as at the flap movement less than 0.02 mm, obliteration may occur, i.e. overgrowing of resistance passage sections by polarised liquid molecules, which breaks the performance of the angular velocity transducer. The obtained expression of the static characteristic of the proposed design of the angular velocity transducer with an inertial flap and nozzles allows us to determine the design parameters of its elements and, on their basis, the dynamic characteristics.

To calculate methane and nitrous oxide emissions in livestock farming requires the characteristics of produced manure and its treatment systems per a single farm and the whole region. The study aim is to specify the percentage of cattle manure processing technologies in different natural and climatic conditions of the Russian Federation and to revise the emission factor of greenhouse gases. The survey of cattle complexes established the type and amount of manure produced with a breakdown by moisture content and storage volumes. The study calculated the mass of manure processed according to the applied processing technologies. The study acquired the data on the types of manure collection and storage systems and revealed their ratio by federal districts, in more detail – in the federal subjects with bigger stock of dairy cattle. The obtained ratios allowed adjusting the coefficient required to calculate methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The coefficient reflected the share of emitted nitrogen treated or processed by a certain technology. The study calculated the emissions for cows and cattle (without cows) with the use of the adjusted coefficient and the methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the Northwestern Federal District, which featured the greatest difference between the indicators from the National Inventory and the data obtained in the study. Direct nitrous oxide and methane emission in this District in terms of CO₂-eq. according to the Inventory data (2021) was 180.7 thousand t/year; when calculated by the basic distribution of technologies (2021) – 388.7 thousand t/ year; when calculated by the forecast distribution of technologies (2025) – 375.8 thousand t/year. The study results demonstrated that the current tendency to upgrading the manure processing technologies towards the most environmentally friendly and compliant with the principles of best available techniques resulted in reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.