The publication informs on the main stages of establishment and development of the scientific journal “Agricultural Science Euro-North-East” of the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N. V. Rudnitsky over the 25-year period - from a regional edition to a highly rated open access scientific journal included in reputable Russian and international databases.

The article provides the results of research and production work of the team of scientists of Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N. V. Rudnitsky, starting from 1895, the date of establishment the Vyatka Zemsky Agricultural Experimental Station. There has been revealed the role of 18 directors in the establishment and development of the organization in different conditions of our country existence.

The article reviews the current state, problems, and main achievements of scientific agrarian institutions in the Russian Far East. The structure of the arable land area for the main agricultural crops in the Far Eastern Federal District over 1990–2024 has been described. Over this period, a rapid increase was observed in the area of the arable land sown by soybean (around 68 % of the total arable land) and by grain corn – 1251 and 165 thousand ha, respectively. Simultaneously, a decrease was observed in the area of the arable land planted by grain and forage crops, potato, and vegetables. The paper reviews the main problems of horticulture – failure to follow the crop rotation guidelines and climate change with an increased number of tropical cyclones (typhoons) in Primorsky Kray, which leads to soil saturation and waterlogging, crop lodging, and the development of fungal, viral and bacterial diseases, and pests. The article presents high-priority research dedicated to the breeding of soybean, potato, corn, rice, and buckwheat and aimed at achieving the goals of The Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Over the last years, Far Eastern breeders created fifty-two new cultivars of agricultural crops recommended to use in the regional agricultural production: soybean – 17, wheat - 3, oat – 4, barley – 3, rice – 2, potato – 3, buckwheat – 1, bean – 1, tomato – 3, cucumber – 3, perennial grasses – 2, and fruit and berry crops – 10. Special attention is given to high-priority research areas in veterinary medicine, biotechnology, zootechnics, digital technologies and technologies of precision agriculture, and land improvement in the conditions of climate change.

Experimental data of scientists of Perm Agricultural Research Institute – branch of PFRC UB RAS obtained for 2000–2024 are presented, scientific literature for 1990–2024 of Russian and foreign specialists on the study of soil organic matter (SOM) is summarized and analyzed. Multidirectional tendencies of organic carbon change in soil compared to the initial level at change of land use regime were revealed: decrease at intensive tillage and absence of fertilizers, preservation and increase – at input of large amount of organic matter with biomass of cultivated crops in crop rotation and organic fertilizers. The influence of land use practices on the content of different fractions of transformed organic matter is shown. It has been established that in soil-climatic conditions of the Middle Urals the losses of organic carbon in the process of mineralization during the vegetation period can potentially make from 2.37 to 3.21 % of its total content. High carbon sequestering potential of sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil was determined. Carbon sequestration by crops of crop rotation and perennial grasses was assessed. It was revealed that in the process of photosynthesis eastern galega converts from atmosphere to plant biomass more than 30 t/ha of CO2 or 8.4 t C/ha per year, safflower leuzea – 24.3–41.3 t/ha of CO2 (6.8–11.5 t/ha). Due to the large amount and favourable biochemical composition of crop-root residues of perennial fodder crops, accumulation and deposition of organic carbon in the soil is observed. The study of soil microbiome of sod-podzolic heavy loamy soils of the Middle Urals revealed 17 phylums consisting of Archaea (1 phylum) and Bacteria (16 phylums) domains. Differences in the composition of soil microorganisms in soils of different types of land use were found. Prospects for further study of SOM are outlined in connection with the problem of global climate change, as well as the development of instrumental high-precision methods of analysis.

The development of Siberian black-and-white Holstein cattle has been studied. The subject of the study was the history of the origin and domestication of the ancestral forms of Siberian black-and-white Holstein cattle, namely the Holstein, Soviet black-and-white breeds, indigenous cattle of Siberia and the western regions of Russia. It has been shown that cattle in western Russia most likely originated from wild auroch (Bos primigenius) that lived in North Africa or the Middle East. However, some records indicate the introduction of genes from the wild wisent (Bison bonasus). The Holstein breed originated from the European wild aurochs (Bos primigenius), but evolved without the influx of genes from Russian cattle. In turn, since the 18th century, Russian cattle have been periodically improved by producers of Frisian, Dutch, and then Holstein breeds. The origin of indigenous Siberian cattle is still a matter of debate. According to one hypothesis, the indigenous Siberian cattle are descendants of the wild aurochs (Bos primigenius), which was domesticated in North Africa and entered Siberia along with the migration of human tribes. Another theory attributes the indigenous Siberian cattle to the so-called TuranoMongolian group, the origin of which also raises questions. In the genome of modern representatives of Turano-Mongolian cattle, haplotypes peculiar to wild aurochs (Bos primigenius), zebu (Bos indicus), as well as markers not peculiar to any of these species were found. This may indicate the origin of Turano-Mongolian cattle from a separate wild ancestor, as well as the introduction of yak (Bos mutus) or another type of bull. Thus, the gene pool of Siberian black-and-white cattle is a unique genetic reserve that combines the adaptive qualities of local cattle and the high potential of dairy productivity inherited from the Holstein breed.

Fractionation of grain heap at the pre-cleaning stage reduces the total energy consumption for grain processing and its injury by reducing the number of cleaning operations required to obtain high-quality seed material. The purpose of the review is to analyze the design and technological process of grain cleaning machines operating on the pneumatic fractional technology in order to identify promising areas of research in this field. It was found that grain pneumatic separators have a simple design and high productivity, which does not depend on the contamination and humidity of the source material. However, their use in the preliminary cleaning mode is limited due to the low effect of cleaning grain from coarse and fine impurities due to the lack of appropriate sieve working bodies. Universal air-sieve grain cleaning machines are used to separate grain into fractions by air flow. These are high-performance double-aspiration machines, the first aspiration of which separates light impurities from the processed material, and the second removes the forage fraction, which includes puny, crushed and biologically defective grain. The use of these machines in the pre-cleaning mode will reduce grain injury, since after separation of the forage fraction, a cleaner material is obtained at the outlet, requiring fewer operations for further cleaning. When developing new air systems for grain pre-cleaning machines operating on the pneumatic fractional technology, it is necessary to take into account the use in their design of: cross flow fans, since they are well combined with other elements and create a uniform air flow across the entire width, which has a positive effect on the efficiency of material separation; aspiration channels with a developed lower part and optimal parameters corresponding to their specific load, contribute to achieving maximum efficiency in separating light impurities and forage grain. The separation of the forage fraction from grain before cleaning on sieves reduces the load on the sifting and grading sieves and improves the quality of the cleaned material at the outlet.

In 2022–2024, a comprehensive analysis of 10 cultivars of spring soft wheat approved for production in the Kirov region was carried out, as a result of which their features were identified, recommendations were made for efficient production, as well as use in breeding for high yields and grain quality. The ‘Iren’cultivar (Russia) with an average growing season of 77 days was classified as early–ripening, ‘Bazhenka’, ‘Nagrada’(Russia), ‘Likamero’ (France) were classified as medium-early (81 days), ‘Kamenka’ (Russia, Belorussia), ‘Margarita’, ‘Priokskaya’, ‘Yoldyz’ (Russia) ‘Triso’ (Germany) were classified as medium-ripening (83-84 days), ‘Ulianovskaya 105’ (Russia) was classified as middle-late (88 days). The maximum average yield among medium-early cultivars was shown by the ‘Nagrada’ (2.65 t/ha), among medium-ripening cultivars – the ‘Margarita’ (2.77 t/ha). In terms of yield stability, the ‘Priokskaya’ cultivar stood out (CV = 19.6 %), ‘Iren’ (CV = 42.9 %) and ‘Yoldyz’ (CV = 40.5 %) were characterized by a strong reaction to conditions. According to the intensity index, ‘Triso’ and ‘Licamero’ cultivars were distinguished (IIS = 0.32-0.33). The combination of yield, stability and intensity, according to the sum of the ranks, showed the cultivars ‘Nagrada’, ‘Ulianovskaya 105’ and ‘Priokskaya’. Grains with high technological quality (nature, protein content, gluten content and quality, number of drops) were formed by ‘Iren’ and ‘Triso’. Cultivars ‘Priokskaya’, ‘Margarita’ and ‘Likamero’ were distinguished by their propensity to germinate on the root and high amylase activity of the grain. On infectious backgrounds, the ‘Nagrada’ cultivar was characterized by resistance to dusty smut, ‘Bazhenka’ to hard smut, and ‘Trizo’ to leaf and ear septoria. Minimal damage to the ear fusarium was noted in the ‘Iren’ cultivar. On a natural background, ‘Iren’, ‘Bazhenka’ and ‘Yoldyz’ showed the best resistance to root rot.

Garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most common cultivated berry crops. Fungal diseases cause enormous damage to industrial plantings. The main task of modern breeding is to create strawberry cultivars with genetic determinants of resistance to various pathogens. The aim of the research was to identify the resistance loci of Russian and foreign strawberry cultivars to anthracnose (Rca2) and powdery mildew (08 To-f) using DNA markers. The objects of the study were 32 strawberry cultivars from the Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences collection, including 21 samples of Russian strawberry cultivars and 11 of foreign breeding. The dominant diagnostic DNA markers STS-Rca2_240 and IB535110 were used to identify the resistance genes of the strawberry. PCR monitoring was performed using the EMFv020 marker. As a result of molecular genetic screening, the anthracnose resistance gene Rca2 was detected in one Russian strawberry cultivar (‘Krasnaya pchelka’, Russia) and in one foreign cultivar (‘Malling Pandora’, Great Britain). QTL 08 To-f was detected in four cultivars of the collection: one Russian strawberry cultivar (‘Duet’) and three foreign cultivars (‘Malwina’, Germany; ‘Marmion’, Scotland; ‘Malling Pandora’). In total, among the analyzed strawberry genotypes, marker STS-Rca2_240 was detected in 6.3 % of the studied forms, and the marker IB535110 in 12.5 %. The complex source of Rca2 and QTL 08 To-f resistance alleles was only the ‘Malling Pandora’ cultivar. The identified promising genetic sources will be used in the breeding program for producing of fungal pathogens resistant garden strawberry cultivars.